Use of Faunal Indicators for Assessing the Impact of a Port Enlargement near Bilbao (Spain)

In order to assess the effects of the execution of the Port of Bilbao Enlargement Project, epifauna living on hard substrata and environmental parameters were quantitatively investigated from 1994 to 1996. A programme of repeated non-destructive sampling at 8 stations was carried out during the construction period of a breakwater and the filling operations on the shoreline. A correlation analysis was used as a method to extract potential indicator species of particular environmental conditions measured in the field. We postulate that the remaining species (about 80% of the total species data set), insensitive to any of the investigated environmental factors, were unnecessary for the purposes of assessing the environmental impact caused by the port building works. Classification and ordination techniques were then conducted at two contrasting levels by using the full species data set and the selected faunal indicator data subset. All plots showed separation of sampling sites in 3 major groups, which were easily related to the perturbations caused by a siltation gradient from the estuary mouth. This suggests that the amount of effort required in the enumeration of all the organisms sampled may be dramatically reduced by identifying only faunal indicators of environmental discontinuities in the field. So far, the engineering works developed on the western side of the bay have not caused dramatic temporal changes in species composition, or at least they have not had an effect that was larger than the variations detected among the study sites due to siltation from the estuary mouth.     

Development of a New Approach to Cumulative Effects Assessment: A Northern River Ecosystem Example

If sustainable development of Canadian waters is to be achieved, a realistic and manageable framework is required for assessing cumulative effects. The objective of this paper is to describe an approach for aquatic cumulative effects assessment that was developed under the Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative. The approach is based on a review of existing monitoring practices in Canada and the presence of existing thresholds for aquatic ecosystem health assessments. It suggests that a sustainable framework is possible for cumulative effects assessment of Canadian waters that would result in integration of national indicators of aquatic health, integration of national initiatives (e.g., water quality index, environmental effects monitoring), and provide an avenue where long-term monitoring programs could be integrated with baseline and follow-up monitoring conducted under the environmental assessment process.     

基于LCA的废弃手机资源化有效运输范围量化研究

基于生命周期评价方法（LCA）分析了废弃手机资源化过程的环境效益和跨区域运输过程的环境影响,并在此基础上提出了废弃手机跨区域流动的有效运输范围及其量化方法.通过采用IMPACT 2002+评价模型,从人体健康、生态系统质量、气候变化、资源消耗四方面对当前中国废弃手机两种典型资源化利用方案和运输过程的环境表现进行了评估.结果表明,两种资源化方案均表现出显著环境效益;部件再使用和材料再生过程是废弃手机资源化环境效益的主要贡献来源;综合考虑跨区域运输过程,在满足环境效益为正的前提下,包括部件再使用和不包括部件再使用两种资源化方案的有效运输范围分别为0~3094km与0~1248km.同时,对跨区域运输过程关键参数分析后发现,提高铁路运输占比和降低货车运输空返率可以有效扩大废弃手机跨区域转移的运输范围.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出的影响因素

考察不同浸出条件对垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰中重金属浸出特性的的影响.研究表明:飞灰浸出时,受飞灰自身性质的影响,翻转式摇床混合和水平振荡摇床混合对飞灰中重金属浸出量的影响不明显;混合8h可使浸出体系达到溶解平衡,16h静置过程对飞灰中重金属溶出的影响不明显;增加浸取剂离子强度对飞灰来说并不会增加重金属元素的溶出;加大液固比(L/S)对飞灰中Pb,Ni和Cd的浸出仅起稀释作用,而Cu,Zn,CT和Hg在L/S<10时浸出液的浓度变化不大,L/S>10时被稀释;在高H 浓度时飞灰中重金属的浸出率大大增加,浸取剂中H 对各元素浸出的影响程度为Pb≈Zn>Cu>Cd>Ni>Cr>As>Hg;在中低H 浓度时,醋酸浸出液中重金属的浓度高于硝酸浸出液,而在>0.2mol·1-1的酸浸取液中,硝酸浸出液中重金属(Hg除外)的浓度大于醋酸浸出液.     

港口总体规划环境影响评价指标体系研究

港口总体规划环境影响评价在促进港口空间资源集约节约和生态保护方面发挥着重要的作用,但现有的评价指标体系在响应生态环境保护新政策、新要求上缺乏适应性和针对性。通过调研指标体系方面的已有研究成果,根据港口规划环境影响特征,采用基本指标体系模式构建了新形势下评价指标体系,包含生态保护、环境质量保护、资源利用、环境风险应急保障4大类环境要素,生态保护红线、生态环境分区管控、环境敏感区、岸线分区、生态环境、渔业资源、生物多样性、水环境、大气环境、碳排放、声环境、岸线资源、土地资源、水资源、资源循环利用、泊位专业化水平、环境风险、应急保障18个子要素共50项评价指标。相关指标总体体现规划实施对应的环境保护要求、环境影响程度和资源利用水平,可为港口规划环境影响评价实践提供参考。

     

旅游影响区等级划分及旅游影响指标的分析

采用TWINSPAN分类法,根据旅游对森林植被影响程度,划分为6个旅游等级影响区,反映了以游径为轴线的旅游影响水平空间格局变化规律;对12个旅游影响指标相关分析表明,有3对旅游影响指标间存在显著或极显著关系。其中剔除树桩影响系数和游径距离为极显著相关,旅游垃圾影响系数和剔除树桩影响系数、旅游垃圾影响系数和游径距离这2对指标均为显著相关;根据主成分分析的结果,有5个主成分所提供的信息量占全部信息量的81.88％,这5个主成分与12个旅游影响指标中的7个旅游影响指标关系密切。以7个旅游影响指标进行的旅游影响区等级划分与12个旅游影响指标所得结果是一致的,这就简化了旅游对植被影响评价和影响区等级划分指标的选取。     

基于验证性因素分析的台风风暴潮灾害经济损失影响因子优化分析

建立客观有效的指标体系是精准估算台风风暴潮灾害经济损失的途径之一。本文以广东省为案例研究区,用验证性因素分析方法对影响灾害经济损失的危险性、脆弱性、抗灾能力3类风险要素进行指标甄别遴选,并将研究区按照经济发展条件分为3个时段,分别分析不同时段内各个风险要素指标的变化。研究表明,对于不同时段,各风险要素的影响指标变化不大,但与风险要素的关联程度会有差异。与传统的指标体系构建相比,本文结合历史案例构建备选指标更具有事实依据,并且利用验证性因素分析方法进行指标遴选,排除了人为主观因素的干扰,增强了指标与研究对象的关联度,减少了指标冗余,使得结果更具有合理性、科学性,为指标体系的研究提供了一个新的思路。     

铅生产项目土壤环境影响评价简析

通过再生铅项目的建设对土壤环境的影响评价，评述建设项目所在区域的土壤环境质量分级标准及评价区域环境土壤现状：从正常工况和非正常工况2方面预测污染物铅排放对土壤环境的潜在污染，并定量分析其危害程度：指出铅排放对人体健康及植被、农作物的危害，提出污染防治措施和监测方案。     

基于监测样本信息的水环境系统权重分配方法

针对水环境系统权重分配问题，从建筑系统客观背景入手，以环境因子监测样本资料为信息源，通过构造关联信息矩阵，并采用旋转正交转变换的主成分分析法，定量地描述了交五因子在整体系统的贡献，最后依贡献量大小识别对应各个因子的权重值，实例表明，该方法物理意义清晰结果客观合理。     

Vulnerability and adaptation to heat in cities: perspectives and perceptions of local adaptation decision-makers in Sweden

Climate change vulnerability is disproportionately distributed between different population segments in society. This study qualitatively explores how key stakeholders in municipalities (i.e. planning and operational staff in municipalities and the vulnerable themselves) construct social vulnerability in relation to climate change with a specific focus on thermal stress (i.e. heat waves) and which adaptive responses they identify at different levels. The empirical material consists of five focus groups with actors in a large Swedish municipality where the “Vulnerability Factor Card Game” was used as stimulus material to create 10 fictional individuals. The results show that there is a substantial amount of local knowledge about vulnerability drivers and inter-relations between social factors and vulnerability. Local decision-makers also defined a wide range of possible adaptation measures at different municipal levels. Our study clearly indicates that contextualised knowledge, which could complement the quantitative approaches in research, is abundant among municipal planners, staff employed at municipal operations such as health care, and among the vulnerable themselves. This knowledge remains untapped by research to a great extent and only seems to have an insignificant influence on policy-making. In particular, how impacts vary between different social and demographic groups and how adaptation strategies that target the most vulnerable could be defined are of great interest. The present study clearly indicates that social hierarchy may produce increased inequality in the specific context of climate change, vulnerability and adaptive responses at different levels.