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851.
A procedure for incorporating spatial variability in ecological risk assessment of Dutch river floodplains 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Floodplain soils along the river Rhine in the Netherlands show a large spatial variability in pollutant concentrations. For
an accurate ecological risk characterization of the river floodplains, this heterogeneity has to be included into the ecological
risk assessment. In this paper a procedure is presented that incorporates spatial components of exposure into the risk assessment
by linking geographical information systems (GIS) with models that estimate exposure for the most sensitive species of a floodplain.
The procedure uses readily available site-specific data and is applicable to a wide range of locations and floodplain management
scenarios. The procedure is applied to estimate exposure risks to metals for a typical foodweb in the Afferdensche and Deestsche
Waarden floodplain along the river Waal, the main branch of the Rhine in the Netherlands. Spatial variability of pollutants
is quantified by overlaying appropriate topographic and soil maps resulting in the definition of homogeneous pollution units.
Next to that, GIS is used to include foraging behavior of the exposed terrestrial organisms. Risk estimates from a probabilistic
exposure model were used to construct site-specific risk maps for the floodplain. Based on these maps, recommendations for
future management of the floodplain can be made that aim at both ecological rehabilitation and an optimal flood defense. 相似文献
852.
Land Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia 总被引:11,自引:3,他引:8
Taddese G 《Environmental management》2001,27(6):815-824
Land degradation is a great threat for the future and it requires great effort and resources to ameliorate. The major causes
of land degradation in Ethiopia are the rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and
unbalanced crop and livestock production. Inappropriate land-use systems and land-tenure policies enhance desertification
and loss of agrobiodiversity. Utilization of dung and crop residues for fuel and other uses disturbs the sustainability of
land resources. The supply of inputs such as fertilizer, farm machinery and credits are very low. The balance between crop,
livestock, and forest production is disturbed, and the farmer is forced to put more land into crop production. For environmentally
and socially sustainable development, there is an urgent need to promote awareness and understanding of the interdependence
of natural, socioeconomic, and political systems at local and national levels. Understanding the current status and causes
of land degradation is very important. This paper reveals the important elements of land degradation in Ethiopia and suggests
possible solutions that may help to ameliorate the situation. 相似文献
853.
Korhonen J 《Journal of environmental management》2001,63(4):367-375
Industrial ecology (IE) promotes the development of industrial systems based on recycling of matter and cascading of energy through cooperation. In this paper, the local/regional industrial ecosystem approach is reflected in two examples from Finland. The local forest industry system is based on renewable resources, waste materials and energy utilisation between forestry companies, a saw-mill, a pulp mill, a paper mill and a forest industry power plant. Waste energy from electricity production is used for production of heat and process steam. Regional city energy supply systems in Finland are also to a large extent arranged around power plants that utilise waste energy. The potential of combining the forest industry system with the energy supply systems of cities is considered and the conditions for success in the Finnish case are discussed. 相似文献
854.
Karen Mancl 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(5):985-989
ABSTRACT: Providing adequate wastewater treatment facilities for the citizens in small rural communities in the United States can cost millions of dollars. An educational program has been developed and conducted in Ohio to teach local officials about wastewater treatment alternatives. The five-session workshop covers wastewater treatment principles, needs assessment, system management, and resource gathering. The knowledge and skills gained by the 96 community leaders who participated in six workshops were measured using a pretest/pest test and surveys conducted during the workshops. From 25 percent to 100 percent of the participants increased their knowledge of treatment systems, alternatives, and relative costs. From 23 percent to 84 percent applied new skills, such as conducting a sanitary survey or examining treatment systems. The pretest also revealed previous knowledge of the participants in the areas of system maintenance and consultant qualifications. 相似文献
855.
Robert H. Fraser Maureen V. Warren Paul K Barten 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(6):991-1000
ABSTRACT: A fundamental problem in protecting surface drinking water supplies is the identification of sites highly susceptible to soil erosion and other forms of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection is trying to identify erodible sites as part of a program aimed at avoiding costly filtration. New York City's 2,000 square mile watershed system is well suited for analysis with geographic information systems (GIS); an increasingly important tool to determine the spatial distribution of sensitive NPS pollution areas. This study used a GIS to compare three land cover sources for input into the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), a model estimating soil loss from rangeland and forests, for a tributary watershed within New York City's water supply system. Sources included both conventional data (aerial photography) and Landsat data (MSS and TM images). Although land cover classifications varied significantly across these sources, location-specific and aggregate watershed predictions of the MUSLE were very similar. We conclude that using Landsat TM imagery with a hybrid classification algorithm provides a rapid, objective means of developing large area land cover databases for use in the MUSLE, thus presenting an attractive alternative to photo interpretation. 相似文献
856.
The premise of this article is that technologies are not neutral in terms of their design objectives, their scale, and the fact that they reflect the physical and social environments in which they have developed. Specific agricultural technologies, the midwestern plow, the California tomato harvester, and various biotechnologies, are evaluated in these terms and shown to have generally predictable impacts upon rural regions and farmers. Finally, the article examines a series of major threats such as climate change that require the rethinking and restructuring of agriculture along more sustainable lines, something the can be accomplished only with a conscious recognition of the non-neutrality of technologies.This article was prepared for the conference Ethical Choice in an Age of Pervasive Technology, University of Guelph, October 25–29, 1989. 相似文献
857.
Perk Mv Mv Burema J Vandenhove H Goor F Timofeyev S 《Journal of environmental management》2004,72(4):247-232
The economic feasibility of short rotation coppice (SRC) production and energy conversion in areas contaminated by Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs was evaluated taking the spatial variability of environmental conditions into account. Two sequential GIS-embedded submodels were developed for a spatial assessment, which allow for spatial variation in soil contamination, soil type, and land use. These models were applied for four SRC production and four energy conversion scenarios for the entire contaminated area of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia and for a part of the Bragin district, Belarus. It was concluded that in general medium-scale SRC production using local machines is most profitable. The areas near Chernobyl are not suitable for SRC production since the contamination levels in SRC wood exceed the intervention limit. Large scale SRC production is not profitable in areas where dry and sandy soils predominate. If the soil contamination does not exceed the intervention limit and sufficient SRC wood is available, all energy conversion scenarios are profitable. 相似文献
858.
Perception of drinking water in the Quebec City region (Canada): the influence of water quality and consumer location in the distribution system 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Turgeon S Rodriguez MJ Thériault M Levallois P 《Journal of environmental management》2004,70(4):363-373
The purpose of every water utility is to provide consumers with drinking water that is aesthetically acceptable and presents no risk to public health. Several studies have been carried out to analyze people's perception and attitude about the drinking water coming from their water distribution systems. The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of water quality and the geographic location of consumers within a distribution system on consumer perception of tap water. The study is based on the data obtained from two surveys carried out in municipalities of the Quebec City area (Canada). Three perception variables were used to study consumer perception: general satisfaction, taste satisfaction and risk perception. Data analysis based on logistic regression indicates that water quality variations and geographic location in the distribution system have a significant impact on the consumer perception. This impact appears to be strongly associated with residual chlorine levels. The study also confirms the importance of socio-economic characteristics of consumers on their perception of drinking water quality. 相似文献
859.
CITYgreen® software has become a commonly used tool to quantify the benefits of urban shade trees. Despite its frequent use, little research has been conducted to validate results of the CITYgreen energy conservation module. The first objective of this study is to perform a familiar application of CITYgreen software to predict the potential energy savings contribution of existing tree canopies in residential neighborhoods during peak cooling summer months. Unlike previous studies utilizing CITYgreen, this study also seeks to assess the software’s performance by comparing model results (i.e., predicted energy savings) with actual savings (i.e., savings derived directly from energy consumption data provided by the electric utility provider). Homeowners in an older neighborhood with established trees were found to use less energy for air-conditioning than homeowners in a recently developed site. Results from the assessment of model performance indicated that CITYgreen more accurately estimated the energy savings in the highly vegetated, older neighborhood. 相似文献
860.
杨建文 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2004,14(2):90-93
绿化建设是利用生态的想法(Ecological thinking)来创造人们的生活及工作空间。这样创造出来的健康而舒适的空间,不但不增加投资,实际上更能节能及减少运行费用,并改善空间用户的生产效率。所以在人居环境中引入"生态理念"是势在必行的。生态住宅生态设计是人居环境建设的关键。生态设计意识与住宅生态学已成为各国房产业、建筑业广泛关注的重点。 相似文献