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981.
Hofman D Monte L Boyer P Brittain J Donchyts G Gallego E Gheorghiu D Håkanson L Heling R Kerekes A Kocsy G Lepicard S Slavik O Slavnicu D Smith J Zheleznyak M 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(2):119-127
Assessment of the environmental and radiological consequences of a nuclear accident requires the management of a great deal of data and information as well as the use of predictive models. Computerised Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are essential tools for this kind of complex assessment and for assisting experts with a rational decision process. The present work focuses on the assessment of the main features of selected state-of-the-art CDSS for off-site management of freshwater ecosystems contaminated by radionuclides. This study involved both developers and end-users of the assessed CDSS and was based on practical customisation exercises, installation and application of the decision systems. Potential end-users can benefit from the availability of several ready-to-use CDSS that allow one to run different kinds of models aimed at predicting the behaviour of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems, evaluating doses to humans, assessing the effectiveness of different kinds of environmental management interventions and ranking these interventions, accounting for their social, economic and environmental impacts. As a result of the present assessment, the importance of CDSS “integration” became apparent: in many circumstances, different CDSS can be used as complementary tools for the decision-making process. The results of this assessment can also be useful for the future development and improvement of the CDSS. 相似文献
982.
Monte L 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(2):73-83
The present work illustrates the customisation and application of the decision support system MOIRA-PLUS (a MOdel-based computerised system for management support to Identify optimal remedial strategies for Restoring radionuclide contaminated Aquatic ecosystems and drainage areas) to the fresh water environment in Italy. MOIRA-PLUS is aimed at evaluating the behaviour of radiocaesium and radiostrontium in fresh water ecosystems and at assessing the appropriateness of suitable strategies for the management of contaminated water bodies by the application of multi-attribute analysis techniques. MOIRA-PLUS can be applied to complex networks of lakes, rivers and tributaries and can be straightforwardly customised utilising data and information from readily accessible sources such as official websites provided by scientific or government organisations. The present work shows an application of the decision system to 10 lakes and 18 rivers in Italy contaminated with 137Cs of Chernobyl origin. Site-specific values of some aggregated transfer parameters were estimated for the most important Italian lakes. Although high values of fish and water consumptions were hypothesised, very low doses to public from the fresh water pathway following the accident were calculated. 相似文献
983.
Natalie R. Couling 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(11):3411-3420
The influence of PAH chemical structure and concentration, added in either single (75 or 300 mg kg−1) or multiple (2 × 75, 2 × 150 or 4 × 75 mg kg−1) applications as single- or multiple-contaminant systems, on the development of PAH biodegradation in a pristine soil was investigated. Development in microbial catabolic ability was assessed at 0, 28, 56 and 84 d by monitoring 14C-naphthalene, 14C-phenanthrene and 14C-pyrene mineralisation over 14 d in respirometric assays. The presence of other contaminants influenced the ability of the indigenous microflora to mineralise structurally different contaminants over time. 14C-Naphthalene mineralisation was inhibited by the presence of other contaminants; whereas the presence of naphthalene significantly enhanced rates of mineralisation in multiple-contaminant systems containing 14C-phenanthrene and 14C-pyrene. Generally, increasing the number of contaminant applications has implications for catabolic activity of soil microbes. It is suggested the toxic nature of PAHs retarded mineralisation at increased contaminant concentrations. 相似文献
984.
The adsorption of contaminants onto soil particles typically is nonlinear if the contaminant concentration is sufficiently high. A simplified piecewise linear adsorption isotherm consistent with experimental results is proposed as an approximation for nonlinear adsorption behavior. This approximation allows for the use of analytical solution to model solute diffusion of contaminants that exhibit nonlinear adsorption. A moving boundary is introduced to represent significant changes in the retardation factor of clay with an increase in solute concentration. The proposed analytical solutions were validated using experimental data presented in the literature. There is negligible difference between the results obtained by the proposed analytical solution and those obtained by the linear model when Cm/C0 reached 0.5. The results also show that the model based on linear adsorption using the initial secant of the Freundlich isotherm leads to significantly lower estimated breakthrough time for the contaminant of interest than that obtained using the proposed model. The earlier breakthrough is due to an under-estimation of the amount of adsorption. The proposed method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for evaluating experimental results and verifying more complex numerical models. 相似文献
985.
Dalgaard T Olesen JE Petersen SO Petersen BM Jørgensen U Kristensen T Hutchings NJ Gyldenkærne S Hermansen JE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3193-3203
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture are a significant contributor to total Danish emissions. Consequently, much effort is currently given to the exploration of potential strategies to reduce agricultural emissions. This paper presents results from a study estimating agricultural GHG emissions in the form of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide (including carbon sources and sinks, and the impact of energy consumption/bioenergy production) from Danish agriculture in the years 1990–2010. An analysis of possible measures to reduce the GHG emissions indicated that a 50–70% reduction of agricultural emissions by 2050 relative to 1990 is achievable, including mitigation measures in relation to the handling of manure and fertilisers, optimization of animal feeding, cropping practices, and land use changes with more organic farming, afforestation and energy crops. In addition, the bioenergy production may be increased significantly without reducing the food production, whereby Danish agriculture could achieve a positive energy balance. 相似文献
986.
E. P. Gus'kov T. V. Varduni T. P. Shkurat N. P. Milyutina A. V. Mirzoyan 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2000,31(4):245-250
A new method for estimating the genotoxicity of the urban environment is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of
the lipid peroxidation (LPO) rate in leaves of woody plants. The mutagenicity of the urban environment was estimated using
standard test systems, including plant root meristem (kidney beans germinated in water with suspended particles collected
at different points along the Temernik River) and the Ames test (silt samples were tested). Sensitivities of elm, willow,
and poplar leaf meristem cells to unidentified environmental mutagenes were compared. Frequencies of chromosome aberrations
(CAs) in leaves of woody plants growing at different points along the Temernik River within the Rostov-on-Don city districts
differed from those in the control zone. The frequency of CAs was found to correlate with the concentration of LPO products.
This allows a biochemical estimation of the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration in woody plants to be used as an express
test for the mutagenicity of environmental factors. An advantage of the proposed test is the possibility of monitoring the
level of unidentified environmental mutagens over many years, independently of its sporadic temporal variations. 相似文献
987.
988.
James R. Leech Steven R. Abt Christopher I. Thornton Phil G. Combs 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(4):877-885
ABSTRACT: There is a need to provide flood protection while maintaining stable bed and bank conditions in the riverine system, to stabilize earth embankment dams and spiliways, and to stabilize highway or railway embankments and levee systems. One approach to providing erosion protection and stabilization of channel banks, embankments and spill conveyances is with articulated concrete block systems. Numerous articulated concrete block systems are available for bank stabilization. However, prior to field installations few means are available to evaluate how well these block systems perform. To assist the designer in predicting site specific suitability, a series of hydraulic testing protocols have been developed to analyze block system performance. Two articulated block system testing protocols are presented to indicate how block hydraulic characteristics may be determined and provide performance assurance to both the designer and the owner. 相似文献
989.
Robert E. O'Connor Brent Yarnal Rob Neff Richard Bord Nancy Wiefek Christopher Reenock Robin Shudak Christine L. Jocoy Peter Pascals C. Gregory Knight 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(6):1411-1419
ABSTRACT: This research examines the sensitivity and vulnerability of community water systems (CWSs) to weather and climate in the Pennsylvania portion of the Susquehanna River Basin. Three key findings emerge from a survey of 506 CWS managers. First, CWSs are sensitive to extreme weather and climate, but that sensitivity is determined more by type of system than system size. CWSs that rely partly or wholly on surface water face more disruptions than do groundwater systems. Larger systems have more problems with flooding, and size is not a significant determinant of outages from storms or disruptions from droughts. Second, CWS managers are unsure about global warming. Few managers dismiss global warming; most think global warming could be a problem but are unwilling to consider it in their planning activities until greater scientific certainty exists. Third, the nature of the CWS, its sensitivity to weather and climate, and projected risks from weather and climate are insignificant determinants of how managers plan. Experienced, full-time managers are more likely to consider future weather and climate scenarios in their planning, while inexperienced and part-time managers are less likely to do so. Implications of these findings include support for efforts to move away from surface water, for clear communication of climate change information, and for the hiring and retention of full-time professional CWS managers. 相似文献
990.
Michael A. Gebers Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(4):323-330