一种基于改进的一致性算法数据融合技术

在重大工程结构健康监测中,随着研究对象复杂程度的提高,往往需要获得大量观测数据才能对结构进行有效的评估,因此采用多种或多个传感器进行测量已成为必然趋势。数据融合技术就是将多个传感器的测量结果进行综合处理,从而得出比单个传感器更为准确可靠的结果。本文基于一致性算法,提出一种改进的多传感器数据融合技术,该数据融合技术属于数据级融合,它克服了一致性算法中两传感器在测量精度不同时置信距离不同的缺点,并对支持矩阵进行模糊化处理,避免了人为定义阈值而产生的主观误差。文中通过算例,验证了此方法可获得较好的结果,并且能够有效地减小由于扰动因素造成的测量数据的变化。     

阳朔典型铅锌矿区流域土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

以广西阳朔县典型铅锌矿为研究对象,对其流域内水系表层土壤中10种金属元素（Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Hg和Pb）含量进行分析测定.综合运用Pearson相关性分析、主成分分析（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）等多种方法,识别和定量解析污染源及贡献.在168个表层土壤样本分析数据中,土壤中Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量平均值高于国家土壤环境质量标准,Sb、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量平均值分别比当地背景值高出约1.01、5.50、3.29、9.11和10.67倍,表明重金属在表层土壤中已经富集.土壤重金属地累积指数（I_geo）结果显示,研究区污染最严重的是Hg,其次为Pb、Zn和Mn.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,区内表层土壤中金属污染来源较为复杂,且明显受到人为活动的影响.Cu、Zn、Cd、Sb、As和Pb主要来源于采矿活动;Hg、Cr和Ni由土壤母质控制;Mn和Cd主要来源于工矿与农业活动.PMF模型分析结果表明,表层土壤中金属来源分为3种,工矿活动源、自然源和工矿及农业活动复合源的综合贡献率分别为58.0%、13.5%和28.6%.Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb、Hg和Pb以工矿活动源为主,贡献率分别为46.9%、89.6%、45.5%、67.8%、99.3%、58.3%和96.8%;母岩矿物风化和降雨冲刷等自然源对Cr的相对贡献率达到44.6%,对Ni和Hg也分别有23.2%和21.0%的相对贡献率;工矿及农业活动的复合源对Mn和Cd的相对贡献率分别达到75.4%和70.4%.     

局部断层场地对平面SV波的散射

借助Wolf的土层和半空间精确动力刚度矩阵及斜线荷载的格林函数,利用间接边界元法在频域内求解了局部断层场地对SV波的散射,着重分析了破碎带较窄断层两侧围岩动力响应的基本规律,以及场地动力特性对散射的影响.研究表明,破碎带断层对SV波有显著的影响,即使破碎带很窄,也可以对SV波产生很大的放大作用;层状场地的动力特性对放大作用有显著的影响.     

风险严重度指数法在毒气泄漏评价中的应用

为评价某区域或某设备潜在的毒气泄漏事故场景的风险水平,以对不同的风险等级进行风险控制和安全规划,详细介绍了工业事故风险评估方法ARAMIS所采用的风险严重度指数法.首先基于事故频率和后果的风险矩阵选取毒气泄漏事故场景;然后运用毒气当量浓度计算任意暴露时间下不同风险严重度等级所对应的特征距离,并根据同一风险等级内风险严重度指数与距离的线性关系计算任意点的风险严重度指数;最后应用1个实例分析了考虑所研究区域的风向概率后对风险严重度指数的真实影响,便于工厂或企业识别不同的风险等级,进行不同场景下风险水平的对比性研究,为其安全设计及风险分析提供了一种新的评估方法.     

An approach to tackling the environmental and health impacts of municipal solid waste disposal in developing countries

Indiscriminate disposal of municipal solid waste in developing countries poses severe environmental and health threats. The study proposes a new method for dealing with these problems. The hybrid structural interaction matrix (HSIM) was used to prioritise major identifiable environmental health factors arising from improper solid waste disposal. The simplistic resource allocation model was adopted to ensure optimality in the allocation of resources to prioritised factors. The study indicates that tackling environmental health impacts from the most prioritised negative disposal factors through optimal allocation of resources, will either reduce or eliminate the impacts associated with subsequent less prioritised factors that are direct consequences of the highly prioritised negative factors. The method proposed will aid decision makers in knowing which set of systemic factors are to be given preference and to what extent at given periods in time.     

Evaluation of the Impact of Long-range Transport and Aerosol Concentration Temporal Variations at the Eastern Coast of the Baltic Sea

Ambient particles vary greatly in their ability to affect visibility, climate and human health. The fine fraction of aerosol is responsible for greater and wider effects on human health; thus, investigation of this fraction is very important. Continuous measurements of PM2.5 (particulate matter below 2.5 μm in size) concentrations at the Preila monitoring station started in 2003. During a period of 2 years, the episodes of high daily and semi-hourly concentrations of PM2.5 were measured. These episodes did not depend on the season or time of day. The substantial role of long-range transport of pollutants to these increases in concentration was shown using chemical and statistical analysis. It was found that most of the severe episodes occurred when air masses came from a specific site besides it was established that air masses of different origin were characterized by different mixing layer depth. Lower mixing depth was observed in air masses characterized by higher observed concentrations at the measuring site and vice versa. PM2.5 concentrations showed diurnal and seasonal variations whose pattern reflected the regional origin of the aerosol. The regional pollution level was evaluated by the statistical analysis of PM2.5 concentrations. The background annual average of PM2.5 mass concentration for the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea was 15.1 ± 0.8 μg m⁻³.     

胶州湾围隔实验中溶解有机物三维荧光特征

利用三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱法(EEMS),测定胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐条件下产生的溶解有机物的三维荧光特性.结果显示,浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光,类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成,主要位置为Ex_max/Em_max=270 nm/290～310 nm,Ex_max/Em_max=270～290 nm/320～350 nm的荧光峰强度比较弱;在Ex_max/Em_max=250～260 nm/380～480 nm(A峰)、Ex_max/Em_max=310～320 nm/380～420 nm(C峰)和Ex_max/Em_max=330～350 nm/420～480 nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰,其中以A峰为主.类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度.浮游植物量降低时,类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关.硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性,两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质.不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同,甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A/C比值.     

Vegetation restoration dynamics in the forest-steppe system of the middle Volga region

The current dynamics of ecosystems of the forest-steppe system is most adequately described via determining the probable trajectories of changes in its elements in a simple Markov chain. The obtained data have made it possible to determine the direction of succession and draw its scheme. Theoretically possible series of community development are presented. The succession of community restoration from the spread of shrubs over steppificated fallow lands to the formation of low forests of European bird cherry has been analyzed. The restoration cycle of ecosystem dynamics is described by eight age stages.     

Sedimentary Processes of the Qingdao Nearshore Traced Using a Multi-radionuclide Approach

Sediment cores were collected from two sites (A2 and ZQ) in the Qingdao sea area of the Yellow Sea. Radionuclides ⁴⁰K, ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁸Th, ²³⁴Th, and ²³⁸U in the cores were measured using HPGe γ spectrometry. The sedimentation rate of the A2 Core using ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs was 0.665 cm yr⁻¹, therefore this 32 cm long core represents a 48 year timespan leading to the sampling date in 2001. The mixing layer was restricted to the upper 5 cm as determined from the profile of ²³⁴Th. The uniformity of the activity distributions of ⁴⁰K and ²³⁸U throughout the A2 Core and the activity distributions of ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁸Th below the mixing layer suggested that no significant oceanographic event or change in sediment material source had occurred during this timespan. The ²¹⁰ Pb was in excess relative to ²²⁶Ra, but ²²⁶Ra was deficient with respect to ²³⁸U in the entire A2 Core, while excess ²³⁴Th and ²²⁸Th were apparent only in the surface 5 cm. Total organic matter (TOM) in Core A2 decreases with depth. The second core, taken to a depth of 14 cm, was from Site ZQ, which is located near Zhanqiao, Qingdao. The variations of the nuclide activity ratios in this core were similar to those in the A2 Core, i.e., the excess ²¹⁰ Pb and ²²⁶Ra deficiency were consistent throughout the core but excess ²²⁸Th was only in the surface to a depth of 2 cm. The ⁴⁰K activity in the ZQ Core fluctuated and showed no real trend with depth. The activities of ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U in the entire length of Core ZQ, and ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁸Th from 2 cm to the bottom, were comparable within the uncertainty of measured activity.     

最近10年鄱阳湖区土地利用格局的时空变化

利用1988和1998年4月份的TM遥感数据,采用最大似然法对翻阳湖区的土地利用进行机助分类。把研究区土地利用分成7种类型：林地、灌草坡、水体、湖滩洲地、耕地、城镇用地和裸地。采用空间叠加的方法得到研究区土地利用的转移短阵。结果显示,林地、水体、城镇的面积增加,灌草坡的面积减少。1998年耕地面积比1988年面积减少11．3％,湖滩洲地面积减少42．7％。对不同高程的土地利用变化分析表明,耕地、灌草坡的面积都有所减少;城镇的面积增加,林地的面积增加明显,尤其在丘陵山区。土地利用的变化受到自然和人文因子的双重影响。水体面积增加的主要因于是降水量的增大;林地、灌草坡的变化明显受到政策等因素的影响,湖滩洲地减少的主要原因是水位的升高。