安全混药装置的实验研究

传统的农药混合是由操作人员将农药与水装入箱中 ,进行人工混合。在混药过程中 ,有毒农药可能对人造成伤害 ,在处理残存农药时 ,还会造成对环境的污染。笔者介绍一种新型的农药混合装置———射流混药装置 ,可以实现“在线”自动混合 ,从而避免了农药对人的伤害和对环境的污染 ;还概述了这种装置的结构形式及其工作原理 ,以及各种参数对性能的影响 ,为最佳设计提供了理论依据     

新冠肺炎疫情下的高校复课综合风险评估

为评估新冠肺炎疫情下的高校复课综合风险,辅助高校进行复课组织决策,探讨一种高校复课风险评估方法。首先,引入压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,分析各要素互相影响机制,并建立高校复课新冠肺炎疫情综合风险评估指标体系;然后,利用风险的致灾因子与受灾体的脆弱性衡量疫情综合风险度,提出一种高校复课新冠疫情风险的评估方法;最后,以西安市某高校为例,验证风险评估模型的可行性和有效性。结果表明:本模型能准确评估高校复课新冠肺炎疫情综合风险;学校所在地疫情风险等级、人员管控措施、学校应急演练与评估开展状况分别是P、S、R系统的主要影响因素,应重点关注。     

Sustainable tourism management and development of a Greek coastal municipality

A process is presented to facilitate the sustainable management and development of tourist destinations. Based on a specific reforming of the Limits of Acceptable Change planning system and combined with the Tourism Carrying Capacity concept into a common framework, specific steps are described to integrate environmental, social and economic information of a tourist destination into indicators, which are afterwards compared with reference conditions. The Leopold matrix is applied to identify and classify restrictions of development and provide the basis for negotiations between managers, stakeholders and local communities. Through a feedback process of continuous monitoring and adjustment, the aim is to focus developmental activities on restricting factors until all indicators upgrade to reference. A case study at a Greek coastal municipality (Ilida – western Greece) is applied to demonstrate the process. Activity zones are identified and 18 indicators are selected. Results suggest high potential for tourism development of the area. However, low scores are assigned to 8/18 indicators, reflecting restrictions, requiring priority under a sustainable development plan. The proposed process offers managers and stakeholders the ability to easily visualize/identify restrictions and assign developmental priorities within a step-by-step upgrading process, toward the sustainable management and development of tourist destinations.     

渝东南典型地质高背景区土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价

为了解渝东南典型地质高背景区土壤重金属的污染特点,解析其污染来源并针对性地提出风险管控建议,在重庆市酉阳县北部兴隆镇和木叶乡共采集土壤表层样品(0～20 cm)211件,分析了表层土壤8种重金属(As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Hg、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)的含量及土壤pH值,采用数理统计、污染负荷指数、潜在生态风险指数、相关性分析和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型等技术,研究了表层土壤重金属的含量及空间分布特征,并开展了污染评价和重金属的来源解析.结果表明,表层土壤重金属平均含量均超过重庆市土壤背景值,呈现出不同程度的富集情况,其中Cd超《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618-2018)中筛选值的比例高达83.41%,超管制值的比例为7.58%,潜在风险较高.污染负荷指数法评价结果显示研究区整体呈轻微污染,潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示研究区整体生态风险较高,其中重金属Hg、 Cd和As的贡献率分别为50.27%、 28.63%和11.70%.PMF结果显示研究区土壤中重金属的来源主要3种,即自然母质源、农业源和工业活动及交通排放的混合源,所占比例分别为40.49%、...     

活性污泥处理偶氮染料废水过程中胞外聚合物特性研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR)考察了偶氮染料浓度对活性污泥的污染物去除性能及胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明,COD、染料及营养物的去除率均随着进水染料浓度的增加而下降,但进水染料浓度对EPS的影响却呈现不同的趋势.当进水染料浓度为5 ～40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量随着染料浓度的增加而增加;当进水染料浓度超过40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量却随着染料浓度的增加而减少.染料的加入导致活性污泥EPS中蛋白质的含量增加,且其变化趋势与EPS变化一致;EPS中腐殖酸的浓度低于蛋白质浓度;而EPS中多糖的浓度最低,为8 mg·g-1.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同染料浓度下EPS荧光吸收峰数量及位置相同,分别为类蛋白峰(λEx/λEm=240 nm/375 ～394 nm)和类富里酸类峰(λEx/λEm =270 nm/410～416 nm),但两个吸收峰的荧光强度不同.     

Flocculating characteristic of activated sludge flocs: Interaction between Al3+ and extracellular polymeric substances

Aluminum flocculant can enhance the flocculating performance of activated sludge.However,the binding mechanism of aluminum ion(Al 3+) and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in activated sludge is unclear due to the complexity of EPS.In this work,threedimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy(3DEEM),fluorescence quenching titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) were used to explore the binding behavior and mechanism between Al 3+ and EPS.The results showed that two fluorescence peaks of tyrosineand tryptophan-like substances were identified in the loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS),and three peaks of tyrosine-,tryptophanand humic-like substances were identified in the tightly boundextracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS).It was found that these fluorescence peaks could be quenched with Al 3+ at the dosage of 3.0 mg/L,which demonstrated that strong interactions took place between the EPS and Al 3+.The conditional stability constants for Al 3+ and EPS were determined by the Stern-Volmer equation.As to the binding mechanism,the-OH,N-H,C=O,C-N groups and the sulfurand phosphorus-containing groups showed complexation action,although the groups in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS showed different behavior.The TB-EPS have stronger binding ability to Al 3+ than the LB-EPS,and TB-EPS play an important role in the interaction with Al 3+.     

Optimized processing power and trainability of neural network in numerical modeling of Al Matrix nano composites

In this research, an experimental study of reinforcing alumina nano-particles into the aluminum alloy matrix was implemented to verify the accuracy of modeling results obtained by feed forward neural networks. Artificial neural network combined with numerical technique were used to predict the various parameters of mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile and compressive yield stress, UTS and elongation percentage. Much experimentation were taken to discover a suitable number of hidden neurons, avoid detraction from the trainability and enable feed forward neural networks to solve more complex problems. The predictions were found to be consistent with experimental measurements.     

青岛市臭氧污染与非污染期间VOCs化学特征及来源解析

青岛市夏季臭氧浓度水平高且污染事件频发,开展臭氧污染过程和非污染时期的挥发性有机物(VOCs)及其臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的精细化来源解析研究,对于有效降低沿海城市的大气臭氧污染,持续改善环境空气质量将会发挥重要的作用.因此,利用青岛市2020年夏季(6～8月)小时分辨率的在线VOCs监测数据,分析臭氧污染过程和非臭氧污染时期环境VOCs的化学特征,并通过正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行了环境VOCs及其OFP的精细化来源解析研究.结果表明,青岛市夏季环境ρ(TVOCs)平均值为93.8μg·m^-3,臭氧污染过程相较于非臭氧污染时期TVOCs浓度上升了49.3%,其中芳香烃浓度增加最显著,增加了59.7%.夏季环境VOCs总的OFP达到246.3μg·m^-3,臭氧污染过程相较于非臭氧污染时期环境VOCs的总OFP增加了43.1%;其中烷烃增加最多,增加了58.8%.间-乙基甲苯和2,3-二甲基戊烷是臭氧污染过程中OFP增加幅度最大的物种.青岛市夏季环境VOCs的主要贡献源为柴油车(11.2%)、溶剂使用(4.7%)、液化石油气及天然气(27....     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.     

重庆典型城区PM2.5生物标志物组分特征及源指示

于2015年10月~2016年8月在重庆大学A区采集秋冬春夏4个季节PM_2.5样品（n=77）,分析生物标志物（n-alkanes、UCM、藿烷和甾烷）组分特征,探讨季节变化和对来源的指示.结果表明,重庆沙坪坝区PM_2.5中Σn-alkanes （C₁₁~C₃₈）和UCM年均浓度分别为328.69ng/m³和2.52μg/m³,均为冬季最高,夏季最低.28n-alkanes PMF源解析识别出4个因子：化石燃料燃烧（23.45%）、化石燃料残留（29.1%）、生物质燃烧（21.35%）和高等植物蜡排放（26.1%）.UCM与可分离烷烃组分比例（U：R）为1.29~3.33.夏季U：R最低,可能是受温度和光照的驱使,微生物和植物的生命活动旺盛所致.藿烷Ts/Tm、C30αβ/C31αβ（22R）和C31αβ（22S）/（22S+22R）的年均值分别为1.15,5.26和0.59,指示以机动车尾气排放为主的高成熟度石油烃输入.甾烷C29αββ/（ααα+αββ）和C29ααα（20S）/（20S+20R）的年均值分别为0.40和0.53,主要指示高成熟度化石燃料残余物输入.PSCF分析表明,Σn-alkanes的潜在源区主要集中在四川东南部和重庆西部及其相接壤附近区域,UCM的潜在源区主要分布在四川东南部.