Turbulence characteristics within sparse and dense canopies

Boundary layer interactions with canopies control various environmental processes. In the case of dense and homogeneous canopies, the so-called mixing layer analogy is most generally used. When the canopy becomes sparser, a transition occurs between the mixing layer and the boundary layer perturbed by interactions between element wakes. This transition has still to be fully understood and characterized. The experimental work presented here deals with the effect of the canopy density on the flow turbulence and involves an artificial canopy placed in a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. One and two-component velocity measurements are performed, both within and above the canopy. The influence of the spacing between canopy elements is studied. Longitudinal velocity statistical moments and Reynolds stresses are calculated and compared to literature data. For spacings greater than the canopy height, evidences of this transition are found in the evolution of the skewness factor, shear length scale and mixing length.     

责任矩阵在生活必需品应急保障责任评估中的应用

在突发事件生活必需品应急保障工作中开展责任管理与评估,对提高我国的应急保障水平有重要意义。采用责任矩阵的方法,对生活必需品应急保障过程的角色和任务进行了划分,构建了应急保障的责任矩阵,明确了应急保障工作中的责任划分。进而提出了在责任矩阵的基础上完善生活必需品应急保障责任评估的建议,具有一定的积极意义。     

环戊烯臭氧化反应瞬变物种产生机制

大气中烯烃臭氧化反应产物是二次有机气溶胶(SOA)形成的重要前体物. 运用自行组建的低温基质隔离系统研究环戊烯臭氧化反应的瞬变物种产生机制. 采用程序升温方法,将温度从6 K升至115 K,用傅里叶红外光谱仪检测不同温度下生成的活性中间体,并将试验值与理论计算值、文献报道值进行对比,以确定中间体构型. 结果表明:环戊烯臭氧化反应生成的中间体——POZ(初级臭氧化物)、SOZ(二次臭氧化物)和CI(一分子羰基氧化物和一分子醛或酮)被成功检测到. 其中,POZ的特征吸收峰在705和946 cm-1处,对应O—O—O反对称伸缩振动和环变形振动;SOZ特征吸收峰在939 cm-1处,对应C—O伸缩振动;CI的特征吸收峰在1 733和853 cm-1处,分别对应CO伸缩振动和O—O伸缩振动. 据此,环戊烯臭氧化反应遵循Criegee机制. 采用4种量子化学计算方法——B3LYP/6-311++G(d,2p)、B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)、MP2/aug-cc-pvdz和PW91PW91/6-311++G(3df,3pd),计算POZ、SOZ和CI特征吸收峰的振动频率,其中POZ在705 cm-1处吸收峰的振动频率计算值分别为725、698、703、680 cm-1;SOZ在1 030 cm-1处吸收峰的振动频率计算值分别为1 017、1 018、1 025和993 cm-1;CI在1 733 cm-1处吸收峰的振动频率计算值分别为1 796、1 803、1 732和1 745 cm-1.表明MP2/aug-cc-pvdz计算的特征振动频率与试验值最接近.      

城乡融合区土壤元素地球化学特征与源解析:以天府新区青龙片区为例

城乡融合区是城市与农村的连接区域,是城市农产品最重要供给区,其土壤地球化学性质影响因素复杂.为此,以四川省天府新区青龙融合区为研究对象,共采集了 395个土壤样品,测定了 pH值、有机质(SOM)、全钾(TK)、速效钾(AK)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)、Se、B、V、Zn、Mn、Mo、...     

地下水中溶解性有机物的季节变化特征及成因

为阐明地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布特征与环境效应,联合三维荧光光谱、平行因子分析及主成分分析,研究了地下水中DOM的来源及随季节和空间变化特征,探究了地下水DOM组成对无机盐分布的影响.结果显示,地下水DOM主要来自微生物源,可鉴别出4种荧光组分,4种组分中,组分1和3为类蛋白组分,组分2和4属于类腐殖质组分.类蛋白组分来源差异较大,组成不稳定,其含量随季节变化明显,春冬季含量低而夏秋季含量高;类腐殖质组分来源相似,组成稳定,随季节变化小.两类荧光组分,尤其是类蛋白组分,是地下水氨氮的主要来源,可以影响地下水pH值.结果表明,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子和主成分分析,可以解析地下水中有机物的组成特征和季节变化规律.     

责任矩阵在隐患排查治理中的应用

隐患排查治理是企业安全管理的主线,排查治理对象除人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态和不良的工作环境外,更应侧重于管理缺陷。针对目前管理缺陷排查治理方法论研究较少的问题,将项目管理工具—责任矩阵引入隐患排查体系。结合安全管理的特点,建立了隐患排查治理责任矩阵流程和应用准则,并通过某隐患排查治理责任矩阵的建立和应用对该方法进行了验证。研究表明,责任矩阵便于查找隐患背后的管理缺陷,可推动企业由下向上逐步完善安全生产责任制,对持续提升企业安全生产管理水平具有一定指导意义。     

中国铝元素物质流投入产出模型构建与分析

在构建全国铝物质流投入产出模型的基础上,对2001年,2004年,2005年和2007年全国铝损失的来源进行了解析. 结果表明:2001—2004年生产加工部门和消费部门来源于国内开采的铝损失所占比例分别从54.8%和47.6%升至64.4%和53.1%,全国铝损失率从32.5%增至42.4%;2004—2005年来源于国内开采的铝损失增幅迅速降至4.9%,2005—2007年保持在8.8%. 来源于国内开采的铝损失占铝损失总量的比例最大,2001年,2004年和2007年所占比例分别达到了34.1%,44.8%和36.3%,提示依然需要提高国内铝开采的利用效率和加工技术水平以减少铝损失总量. 2001年,2004年,2005年和2007年来源于国外进口的铝损失量占铝进口总量的比例分别为30.9%,39.1%,35.8%和33.3%,损失率变化不大,未来应增加再生铝的使用比例以降低铝的损失率.      

Generation time and the maximum growth rate for populations with age-specific fecundities and unknown juvenile survival

In age-classified population models where all parameters are known, the generation time and growth rate are calculated in a straightforward manner. For many populations, some parameters, such as juvenile survival, are difficult to estimate accurately. In a simplified population model where fecundity and survival are constant from the onset of breeding, it is known that generation time may be calculated given only adult survival, age at first reproduction, and the population growth rate. However, the assumption of constant fecundity from the onset of breeding does not hold for many populations. An extended population model allows calculation of generation time with the additional knowledge of the ratio of age-specific fecundities compared to a maximum fecundity rate. When these relative fecundities are unknown, an ad hoc adjustment to the simplified model performs well.When the study population is in an ideal environment, the optimal generation time and maximum growth rate are linked, and both may be approximated knowing only adult survival, age at first reproduction, and the relative fecundities. The maximum growth rate has important conservation implications, and calculating it correctly is therefore important. Improper use of the simplified population model to calculate the maximum growth rate, combined with a simple decision rule, leads to an average overharvest of 36%, and >60% for three of six bird species studied, compared to the full population model. By comparison, using the approximation from the extended or adjusted models results in average overharvests of only 8% (extended model) and 5% (adjusted model), and <50% for all six species (either model).     

Exploring metapopulation-scale suppression alternatives for a global invader in a river network experiencing climate change

Invasive species can dramatically alter ecosystems, but eradication is difficult, and suppression is expensive once they are established. Uncertainties in the potential for expansion and impacts by an invader can lead to delayed and inadequate suppression, allowing for establishment. Metapopulation viability models can aid in planning strategies to improve responses to invaders and lessen invasive species’ impacts, which may be particularly important under climate change. We used a spatially explicit metapopulation viability model to explore suppression strategies for ecologically damaging invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta), established in the Colorado River and a tributary in Grand Canyon National Park. Our goals were to estimate the effectiveness of strategies targeting different life stages and subpopulations within a metapopulation; quantify the effectiveness of a rapid response to a new invasion relative to delaying action until establishment; and estimate whether future hydrology and temperature regimes related to climate change and reservoir management affect metapopulation viability and alter the optimal management response. Our models included scenarios targeting different life stages with spatially varying intensities of electrofishing, redd destruction, incentivized angler harvest, piscicides, and a weir. Quasi-extinction (QE) was obtainable only with metapopulation-wide suppression targeting multiple life stages. Brown trout population growth rates were most sensitive to changes in age 0 and large adult mortality. The duration of suppression needed to reach QE for a large established subpopulation was 12 years compared with 4 with a rapid response to a new invasion. Isolated subpopulations were vulnerable to suppression; however, connected tributary subpopulations enhanced metapopulation persistence by serving as climate refuges. Water shortages driving changes in reservoir storage and subsequent warming would cause brown trout declines, but metapopulation QE was achieved only through refocusing and increasing suppression. Our modeling approach improves understanding of invasive brown trout metapopulation dynamics, which could lead to more focused and effective invasive species suppression strategies and, ultimately, maintenance of populations of endemic fishes.     

风险矩阵法在危险有害因素分级中的应用

为减少风险分级时产生的风险结,采用Borda序值法改进原有的风险矩阵法。改进后的风险矩阵法通过计算Borda数,依据Borda数的大小对风险进行排序,使得风险等级数量大量增加,从而减少风险矩阵中风险结的数量。将该方法应用于某烧碱装置危险有害因素分级管理,对生产过程中的9种主要危险有害因素进行排序,得出它们可以分为6级,而应用原始的风险矩阵法得到的分级数为3级。然后,依据分级结果提出针对性的安全对策措施。