球团竖炉电除尘器电气控制技术的应用

着重介绍在球团竖炉电除尘器电气控制中的PLC应用,以及利用矩阵控制原理对PLC输出接口的扩展,详细介绍高、低压电气控制系统主要实现的功能和特点。     

AAO-MBR工艺污水处理系统中消毒副产物前体物变化规律

为探究DBPs（消毒副产物）前体物在污水处理过程中的变化情况,采用超滤膜和XAD大孔吸附树脂将AAO-MBR工艺沿程出水中DOM（溶解性有机物）进行分离,并利用3D-EEM（三维荧光光谱）对分离前后水样进行表征,同时测定DBPFP（消毒副产物生成势）.结果表明:①沉砂池出水具有较低的C-DBPFP（含碳消毒副产物生成势）;经过AAO和MBR后,由于微生物代谢作用生成的疏水性SMPs（微生物代谢产物）类物质（为主要的C-DBPs前体物质）包含较多不饱和键,导致C-DBPFP增加.②沉砂池出水的N-DBPFP（含氮消毒副产物生成势）较低,但经过AAO后生成的小分子物质（为主要的N-DBPs前体物）导致N-DBPFP增加;经过MBR后由于SRT（污泥停留时间）和污泥浓度的增加造成小分子物质减少,致使N-DBPFP降低.③市政污水经过AAO后,C-DBPs和N-DBPs前体物分别增加了90.9%和7.3%;而MBR具有较高的DOC去除率（74.4%）,去除了56.8%的C-DBPs前体物和78.1%的N-DBPs前体物.研究显示,AAO-MBR工艺对市政污水中C-DBPs和N-DBPs前体物有较好地去除效果.      

排水沟渠炉渣与底泥对水中氮、磷截留效应

通过等温热力学吸附实验,将炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对水中氨氮的去除效果进行比较,并采用Langmuir等温吸附方程对3种基质吸附氨氮、磷酸盐的量进行拟合;通过动力学实验,比较3种基质吸附速率.结果表明,炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.49,1.03,1.75mg/g,对磷酸盐的最大吸附量分别为0.99,2.33,1.88mg/g;4h内基质吸附氨氮速率分别为:0.10,0.11,0.54mg/(g·h),2h内基质吸附磷酸盐速率分别为:0.048,0.051,0.096mg/(g·h).由于沟渠底泥较为松散、遇水冲刷易流失,故选择炉渣作为沟渠基质坝的填充物.基质坝能够减缓渠水流速,延长渠水的水力停留时间(HRT).     

不同混凝剂对污泥脱水性能的影响研究

采用无机和有机混凝剂对污泥进行调理,通过测定污泥比阻、Zeta电位以及污泥上清液中蛋白质、多糖和DNA含量,同时结合污泥上清液的三维荧光光谱分析,研究了不同混凝剂及其投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明:当聚合氯化铝(PAC)、高效聚合氯化铝(HPAC)和氯化铁(FeCl3)的投加量在干污泥量的10%附近时,污泥比阻值最小,同时三维荧光强度值也最小,Zeta电位以及上清液中蛋白质、多糖和DNA的含量基本趋于稳定.无机混凝剂与有机混凝剂联合作用调理污泥后其脱水效果明显优于单一混凝剂调理.有机混凝剂与无机混凝剂投加顺序对污泥脱水性能影响显著,先投加无机混凝剂再投加有机混凝剂的脱水效果最佳,研究筛选出两种混凝剂联合作用调理污泥后,其脱水效果顺序为10%PAC+0.5%PAM>10%FeCl3+0.5%PAM>10%HPAC+0.5%PAM.     

HfB2-HfC-SiC 改性 C/C 复合材料的超高温烧蚀性能研究

目的制备HfB_2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料,并探究该材料的超高温烧蚀性能。方法采用化学气相渗透结合前驱体浸渍热解工艺制备HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-HfC-SiC)和HfB_2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-HfB_2-HfC-SiC),采用大气等离子烧蚀实验研究材料的超高温烧蚀性能。结果C/C-HfC-SiC和C/C-HfB_2-HfC-SiC复合材料2200℃线烧蚀率分别为1.54×10~(-3),1.38×10~(-3)mm/s。结论复合材料具有独特的微结构特征,亚微米级的HfB_2和HfC基体均匀弥散分布在SiC基体中。复合材料表面原位生成的液相SiO_2和固相HfO_2复合氧化物膜,既可以抵抗高速气流的冲蚀,又可以抵抗氧化性气氛的向内扩散,是复合材料具有优异超高温抗烧蚀性能的主要原因。     

北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物化学组分特性

为探究北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物（DOM）的化学特性,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱技术,对北京市不同交通密度道路雨水径流溶解性有机物的化学组分进行分析.结果表明,北京市道路雨水径流DOM以疏水性组分为主,且主要为疏水中性组分.道路雨水径流DOM亲水性组分主要由类芳香蛋白物质组成,疏水性组分除含大量类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量类富里酸物质.道路雨水径流DOM疏水性组分的芳香化程度较高、腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分与之相反.道路雨水径流DOM酸性组分中含异构化的羧基和苯环等官能团,碱性组分和中性组分中多含醚键、酯基、酚类和醇类等官能团.交通密度对道路雨水径流DOM化学组分的物质组成、特性等无明显影响,仅影响各化学组分中的物质含量;交通密度越大,各化学组分中物质的含量越多和芳香化程度越高,腐殖化程度越低.     

扬州市PM2.5中重金属来源及潜在健康风险评估

本研究利用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)-健康风险评价模型(HMHR)探究了扬州市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中重金属污染来源及不同污染源对重金属潜在健康风险值的贡献.结果表明,各重金属全年浓度均值为Pb(64. 4 ng·m~(-3)) Cr(25. 24ng·m~(-3)) As(6. 36 ng·m~(-3)) Ni(5. 36 ng·m~(-3)) Cd(3. 34 ng·m~(-3)) Co(1. 21 ng·m~(-3));各污染源对PM_(2.5)贡献分别为二次源(37. 7%)燃煤源(19. 4%)扬尘(17. 5%)机动车(16. 9%)建筑尘(5. 2%)工业源(3. 4%). As主要源于燃煤、机动车和扬尘; Co主要源于工业源;燃煤源对Pb的浓度贡献较高;工业源对Ni、Cd含量的贡献最高.不同污染源的健康风险依次为扬尘源、燃煤源、机动车、工业源、建筑尘.扬尘源和燃煤源的潜在健康风险较其他污染源为高,与其源谱中重金属元素占比较大且对PM_(2.5)贡献浓度较高有关.     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

PM2.5 source apportionment in a French urban coastal site under steelworks emission influences using constrained non-negative matrix factorization receptor model

The constrained weighted-non-negative matrix factorization(CW-NMF) hybrid receptor model was applied to study the influence of steelmaking activities on PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) composition in Dunkerque,Northern France. Semi-diurnal PM_(2.5)samples were collected using a high volume sampler in winter 2010 and spring 2011 and were analyzed for trace metals, water-soluble ions, and total carbon using inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),ICP- mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), ionic chromatography and micro elemental carbon analyzer. The elemental composition shows that NO_3~-, SO_4~(2-), NH_4~+and total carbon are the main PM_(2.5)constituents. Trace metals data were interpreted using concentration roses and both influences of integrated steelworks and electric steel plant were evidenced. The distinction between the two sources is made possible by the use Zn/Fe and Zn/Mn diagnostic ratios. Moreover Rb/Cr, Pb/Cr and Cu/Cd combination ratio are proposed to distinguish the ISW-sintering stack from the ISW-fugitive emissions. The a priori knowledge on the influencing source was introduced in the CW-NMF to guide the calculation. Eleven source profiles with various contributions were identified: 8 are characteristics of coastal urban background site profiles and 3 are related to the steelmaking activities. Between them,secondary nitrates, secondary sulfates and combustion profiles give the highest contributions and account for 93% of the PM_(2.5)concentration. The steelwork facilities contribute in about 2%of the total PM_(2.5)concentration and appear to be the main source of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn.     

京津冀区域PM2.5污染相互输送特征

基于CAMx-PSAT空气质量模型,对2015年京津冀区域PM_(2.5)污染及相互输送特征进行定量模拟,建立了京津冀13个城市的PM_(2.5)传输矩阵.结果表明,在年均尺度上京津冀区域PM_(2.5)以本地污染源贡献为主(21.49%~68.74%),传输贡献为辅,其中区域内传输贡献约为13.31%~54.62%,区外贡献约为13.32%~45.02%.PM_(2.5)传输特征呈现显著的时空差异性,区域中部城市唐山、北京、天津、保定和石家庄PM_(2.5)受本地贡献主导,在冬季尤其明显,而受传输影响较大的城市多分布在区域边界且在南部集中.区内作为汇的城市有廊坊、衡水、承德、秦皇岛和邢台,作为源的城市有天津、沧州、唐山、北京、石家庄和邯郸,张家口和保定对区内城市输出和受区内输入基本持平.典型城市分析证明城市间PM_(2.5)污染交互影响,北京与廊坊、保定、承德、天津和沧州等城市之间,天津与廊坊、唐山、北京、沧州和保定等城市之间,石家庄与邢台、衡水、保定、邯郸和廊坊之间均存在显著的PM_(2.5)相互输送.