石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的镉

采用微波消解系统处理土壤样品,可以大大减少消化试剂的用量及样品的处理时间.石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中的镉,以磷酸氢二铵和硝酸镁作混合基体改进剂,可提高灰化温度,消除基体干扰.方法简便、快速,准确度高.镉的测定结果相对标准偏差为2.1%～4.5%;检出限为0.007mg/kg.     

Experiments on vertical transverse mixing in a large-scale heterogeneous model aquifer

Vertical transverse mixing is known to be a controlling factor in natural attenuation of extended biodegradable plumes originating from continuously emitting sources. We perform conservative and reactive tracer tests in a quasi two-dimensional 14 m long sand box in order to quantify vertical mixing in heterogeneous media. The filling mimics natural sediments including a distribution of different hydro-facies, made of different sand mixtures, and micro-structures within the sand lenses. We quantify the concentration distribution of the conservative tracer by the analysis of digital images taken at steady state during the tracer-dye experiment. Heterogeneity causes plume meandering, leading to distorted concentration profiles. Without knowledge about the velocity distribution, it is not possible to determine meaningful vertical dispersion coefficients from the concentration profiles. Using the stream-line pattern resulting from an inverse model of previous experiments in the sand box, we can correct for the plume meandering. The resulting vertical dispersion coefficient is approximately approximately 4 x 10(-)(9) m(2)/s. We observe no distinct increase in the vertical dispersion coefficient with increasing travel distance, indicating that heterogeneity has hardly any impact on vertical transverse mixing. In the reactive tracer test, we continuously inject an alkaline solution over a certain height into the domain that is occupied otherwise by an acidic solution. The outline of the alkaline plume is visualized by adding a pH indicator into both solutions. From the height and length of the reactive plume, we estimate a transverse dispersion coefficient of approximately 3 x 10(-)(9) m(2)/s. Overall, the vertical transverse dispersion coefficients are less than an order of magnitude larger than pore diffusion coefficients and hardly increase due to heterogeneity. Thus, we conclude for the assessment of natural attenuation that reactive plumes might become very large if they are controlled by vertical dispersive mixing.     

Indoor pollutant mixing time in an isothermal closed room: an investigation using CFD

We report on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions of mixing time of a pollutant in an unventilated, mechanically mixed, isothermal room. The study aims to determine: (1) the adequacy of the standard Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes two-equation (k−) turbulence model for predicting the mixing time under these conditions and (2) the extent to which the mixing time depends on the room airflow, rather than the source location within the room. The CFD simulations modeled the 12 mixing time experiments performed by Drescher et al. (Indoor Air 5 (1995) 204) using a point pulse release in an isothermal, sealed room mechanically mixed with variable power blowers. Predictions of mixing time were found in good agreement with experimental measurements, over an order of magnitude variation in blower power. Additional CFD simulations were performed to investigate the relation between pollutant mixing time and source location. Seventeen source locations and five blower configurations were investigated. Results clearly show large dependence of the mixing time on the room airflow, with some dependence on source location. We further explore dependence of mixing time on the velocity and turbulence intensity at the source location. Implications for positioning air-toxic sensors in rooms are briefly discussed.     

Spillover of Agriculturally Subsidized Predators as a Potential Threat to Native Insect Herbivores in Fragmented Landscapes

Abstract:  Habitat loss and fragmentation can have strong negative impacts on populations of some native species. Spillover of generalist natural enemies from the surrounding landscape matrix is one mechanism potentially generating such effects, yet this has been rarely studied in insects. We examined the influence of habitat conversion to agriculture on the abundance and potential effects of predatory coccinellid beetles on native insect herbivores within 12 grassland remnants in central Nebraska (U.S.A.). Results of sweep sampling revealed that coccinellids were three to six times more abundant at native grassland sites embedded within cropland-dominated landscapes compared with control sites in grassland-dominated landscapes over the 3 years of the study. Exclusion experiments further demonstrated that predation intensity was strongly related to coccinellid abundances across sites and that coccinellids can dramatically reduce densities of a native aphid herbivore. In contrast to studies of specialized insect parasitoids, which have generally found reduced enemy pressure in fragmented landscapes, our results suggest that native herbivores may in some cases experience increased consumer pressure in landscapes with increasing habitat loss because of spillover of generalist predators from surrounding cropland habitats.     

房地产建设项目生态宜居性的模糊综合评价

以现代住区人居生态环境的要求和前人研究为基础,立足于以人为本和便于实际评估工作的开展,综合考虑人居生态环境健康、舒适的特点,在类比众多评价方法和参考国内外指标体系的基础上,运用模糊综合评价对某一大型房地产项目的生态宜居性进行初步分析,以期完善、充实中国房地产项目的生态宜居性评价体系和方法,为该领域的进一步研究提供基础。     

“河-湖”沉积物重金属环境特征及来源解析

以府河及其受纳湖泊为研究对象,辨识"河-湖"系统沉积物中重金属的空间分布、地球化学特征和生态风险,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析沉积物中重金属的潜在来源.结果表明,该"河-湖"系统沉积物中主要金属污染物为Cd、Cu和Zn,且Cd存在生态风险.与受纳湖体相比,府河污染水平及风险程度更高.湖体空间分析显示,河流入口呈现更高的金属含量及风险水平.PMF分析表明,研究区沉积物重金属主要受到人为活动的影响(55.7%),包括工业排放(20.3%)、化肥施用(19.5%)和水产养殖(15.9%).     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 light extinction in an urban atmosphere in China

Haze in China is primarily caused by high pollution of atmospheric fine particulates (PM_2.5). However, the detailed source structures of PM_2.5 light extinction have not been well established, especially for the roles of various organic aerosols, which makes haze management lack specified targets. This study obtained the mass concentrations of the chemical compositions and the light extinction coefficients of fine particles in the winter in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, using high time resolution aerosol observation instruments. We combined the positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis model of organic aerosols and the multiple linear regression method to establish a quantitative relationship model between the main chemical components, in particular the different sources of organic aerosols and the extinction coefficients of fine particles with a high goodness of fit (R² = 0.953). The results show that the contribution rates of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and black carbon (BC) were 48.1%, 20.7%, 15.0%, 10.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. It can be seen that the contribution of the secondary aerosols is much higher than that of the primary aerosols (79.4% versus 20.6%) and are a major factor in the visibility decline. BBOA is found to have a high visibility destroying potential, with a high mass extinction coefficient, and was the largest contributor during some high pollution periods. A more detailed analysis indicates that the contribution of the enhanced absorption caused by BC mixing state was approximately 37.7% of the total particle absorption and should not be neglected.     

河北香河亚微米气溶胶组分特性、来源及其演变规律分析

霾的形成发展与细颗粒物化学组分变化紧密相关.本文利用颗粒物化学组分监测仪(ACSM)、黑碳仪等对河北香河夏季亚微米气溶胶(PM1)化学组分、来源及其演变规律进行详细分析.结果表明,PM1平均占到PM2.5的约71%,PM1主要分布在20~80μg·m-3间;观测期间有显著的秸秆燃烧事件,秸秆燃烧时段PM1质量浓度显著升高,其中有机物质量分数迅速升高,平均约占到47%;秸秆燃烧使得大气气溶胶由弱碱性转变为弱酸性;整个观测期间,正交矩阵因子分解法(PMF)共识别出4类有机气溶胶,分别为两种一次有机气溶胶(类烃类有机气溶胶和生物质燃烧有机气溶胶)和两种二次有机气溶胶(低挥发、高氧化性的有机气溶胶和低氧化、半挥发性的有机气溶胶),有机气溶胶氧化程度较高.其中二次有机气溶胶的贡献远大于一次有机气溶胶,平均占到有机物的~69%,而去除秸秆燃烧时段后PMF结果中未解析出生物质燃烧有机气溶胶.     

和田市城区PM2.5化学组成特征及来源分析

为了解中国极干旱区域和田市城区大气PM_2.5的组成特征及污染水平,于2014年1-12月采集和田市城区大气PM_2.5样品,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、离子色谱仪（IC）、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）及元素分析仪分析其中PAHs（多环芳烃）、金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC（有机碳）和EC（元素碳）等化学组分.结果表明,采样期间和田市城区大气PM_2.5质量浓度年均值为（770.11±568.01）μg/m3,呈夏季最高、冬季最低趋势;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC、∑₁₆ PAHs（总多环芳烃）分别占PM_2.5质量浓度的15.292%、9.789%、4.246%、0.331%、0.015%.利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解法）分别对PM_2.5中PAHs和金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC进行来源解析表明,PAHs主要来源为煤和汽油燃烧排放（13.91%）、生物质燃烧（33.98%）、天然气燃烧（52.11%）;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC的主要来源为土壤尘（56.49%）、油类燃烧（25.49%）、机动车排放（10.09%）、燃煤及生物质燃烧（7.93%）.研究显示,采样期间沙尘对和田市城区大气PM_2.5组成影响较大,是该地区大气污染来源的主要因素.