山西大学城PM2.5中元素特征、来源及健康风险评估

为研究山西大学城PM_2.5中元素的污染特征及来源,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪（energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,ED-XRF）对研究区域2017年PM_2.5样品中21种元素进行分析,并对Mn、Zn、Cu、Sb、Pb、Cr、Co和Ni等重金属进行健康风险评估,同时采用主成分分析方法（principal component analysis,PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）定量解析元素的主要来源.结果表明,2017年山西大学城PM_2.5中21种元素中Ca质量浓度最高,其次是Si、Fe、Al、S、K和Cl,这7种元素占元素总质量浓度的95.71%.其中,Cr元素浓度超过我国环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值的104倍.春季、夏季和冬季PM_2.5中Ca质量浓度最高,而秋季S元素质量浓度最高.对3类人群具有非致癌风险的元素均为Mn,且风险大小依次为儿童 > 成年男性 > 成年女性;具有可容忍致癌风险的元素为Cr和Co,且风险大小为成年男性 > 成年女性 > 儿童.山西大学城PM_2.5中元素的主要来源包括：天然矿物粉尘和城市扬尘、燃煤和交通源.     

Characterization and role of carbonic anhydrase in the calcification process of the azooxanthellate coral <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tubastrea aurea</Emphasis>

In zooxanthellate corals, the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide and the precipitation of CaCO₃ are intimately linked both spatially and temporally making it difficult to study carbon transport mechanisms involved in each pathway. When studying Tubastrea aurea, a coral devoid of zooxanthellae, we can focus on carbon transport mechanisms involved only in the calcification process. We performed this study to characterize T. aurea carbonic anhydrase and to determine its role in the calcification process. We have shown that inhibition of tissular carbonic anhydrase activity affects the calcification rate. We have measured the activity of this enzyme both in the tissues and in the organix matrix extracted from the skeleton. Our results indicate that organic matrix proteins, which are synthesized by the calcifying tissues, are not only structural proteins, but they also play a crucial catalytic role by eliminating the kinetic barrier to interconversion of inorganic carbon at the calcification site. By immunochemistry we have demonstrated the presence of a protein both in the tissues and in the organic matrix, which shares common features with prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases.     

优质蛋白玉米籽粒超微结构与品质性状的相关研究

以两个优质蛋白玉米（QPM）群体（T34QPMC3和陕综5号／O2C0）为试材，采用胚乳硬质度0，1，2，3，4五级分类法，对籽粒进行分析、观察．结果表时：胚乳硬质度越高，籽粒物理性状越好，蛋白质品质越差；硬质度越低，籽粒物理性状越差，蛋白质品质越好．在半硬质胚乳奥帕克-2玉米中，胚乳硬质度、籽粒密度的差异主要表现于胚乳内部组织，而胚乳边缘组织无差异．胚乳内部组织结构的疏密排布、淀粉粒形状、均匀住、角质化程度决定了籽粒物理性状的优劣；胚乳内部组织中基质蛋白形态、密度以及与淀粉粒结合紧密程度决定了优质蛋白玉米胚乳营养品质．     

Fragments as Islands: a Synthesis of Faunal Responses to Habitat Patchiness

Abstract:  Scientific interest in the impact of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is increasing, but our understanding of fragmentation is clouded by a lack of appreciation for fundamental similarities and differences across studies representing a wide range of taxa and landscape types. In an effort to synthesize data describing ecological responses of animals to fragmentation across two classes of independent variables (taxonomic group and landscape), we sampled 148 studies of five major faunal groups from the primary literature and analyzed data on 13 variables extracted from those studies. We focused our analyses on three classes of dependent variables (effects of area and isolation on species richness, z values, and nestedness and species composition). Area ranged over more orders of magnitude than isolation and tended to explain more variation in species richness than isolation. There were few matrix or taxon effects on the patterns we investigated, although we did find that sky islands tended to manifest isolation effects on both species richness and nestedness more frequently than other patch types. Sky islands may offer insight into the future of habitat patches fragmented by contemporary habitat loss, and because they show a stronger effect of isolation than other patch types, we suggest that isolation will play an increasing role in the biology of habitat fragments. We use multiple lines of evidence to suggest that our understanding of the role of isolation on community assembly in fragmented landscapes is inadequate. Finally, our observation that consistent taxonomic differences in community patterns were minimal suggests that conservation actions intended to mitigate the negative effects of extinction may have far-reaching effects across taxonomic groups.     

Choice of dispersion coefficients in reactive transport calculations on smoothed fields

Local dispersion dominates the mixing of compounds that are introduced separately into the subsurface and do not partition into any other than the aqueous phase. Thus, reactions between these compounds are controlled by dispersive mixing if they are not limited by kinetics. I quantify longitudinal dispersive mixing by the longitudinal effective dispersion coefficient of a conservative tracer introduced by a point-like injection [Water Resour. Res. 36 (12) (2000) 3591-3604]. In the upscaling of mixing-controlled reactive transport, I apply the mean velocity and the effective dispersion coefficient to the macroscopic transport calculations, whereas the reactive parameters on the macro-scale are identical to those on the local scale. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated for the transport of compounds undergoing a second-order irreversible bimolecular reaction. Ten realizations of a two-dimensional heterogeneous log-conductivity field are considered. Using the effective dispersion parameters, the overall mass balance is met in the ensemble average, whereas solute spreading is underestimated. I assess the lack of spreading by the difference between the expected macrodispersion and effective dispersion coefficients. I extend the approach to simulations on log-conductivity fields obtained by kriging of regularly spaced conductivity measurements. These fields contain the large-scale features of the true fields but do not resolve the small-scale variability. For the calculations on the kriged fields, the corresponding conditional covariance is substituted into the analytical expressions of effective dispersion, yielding a correction effective dispersion coefficient. The comparison between simulations on the fully resolved fields and on the kriged fields indicates that the approach is valid for wide plumes meeting the ergodicity condition. The high variability of mixing on small scales unresolved by kriging, however, leads to severe uncertainty when mixing-controlled reactions are predicted for narrow plumes.     

影响系数矩阵在河流水质规划中的应用

河流水质规划中常常要用水质数学模型来模拟水体的水质、刻划岸边污染带、对水质进行预测，并结合其它模型对污染物排放进行总量控制，以及对污染方案进行水质验证。由于水质数学模型的单向性（即数据只能从输入流向输出），在实际工作中当需要逆计算时（如计算水环境容量等）往往采取试算法，工作量较大。本文介绍的影响系数矩阵法可以方便快捷地完成上述各项工作。此法在中英国际合作项目“长江、嘉陵江水污染控制规划研究”中已采用，效果较好。     

Numerical integration of chemical ODE problems arising in air pollution models

The numerical treatment of a regional air pollution model (such models are, as a rule, described mathematically by systems of partial differential equations) leads to the solution of very large computational problems. The chemical submodel of an air pollution model is normally the most timeconsuming part of the computational work. The application of appropriate discretization and splitting procedures reduces the chemical submodel to a large number of relatively small ODE systems (one such system per gridpoint). In the process of searching for efficient numerical algorithms for the chemical submodels one can carry out experiments by using only one such ODE system in order to facilitate the work. This approach has been used in connection with a particular chemical scheme, the condensed CBM IV scheme, which is used in several large air pollution models. Six integration algorithms have been tested on a set of typical scenarios (consisting of different starting concentrations and/or of different values of the emissions). The advantages and the disadvantages of the algorithms tested are discussed. The final decision about the most efficient algorithm, among the algorithms tested, should be made after a second series of experiments. The coupling of the chemical process with the transport of air pollution (on, at least, a twodimensional domain) together with the application of highspeed computers has to be studied in the second series of experiments, which will be performed in a subsequent paper.     

吸波结构聚氨酯泡沫基体材料耐老化性能评估试验设计

目的针对吸波结构的基体材料——一种软质聚氨酯泡沫耐老化性能的考核,设计一种环境适应性试验,确定施加的环境应力和产品老化性能的表征参数。方法通过吸波结构的聚氨酯泡沫材料的特征性能参数分析,根据产品应用要求和预试验结果,确定合适的老化性能的主要表征指标,通过多应力水平试验和方差分析,确定采用的主要加速老化环境应力。结果通过预试验与分析认为,吸波结构用聚氨酯泡沫材料耐老化性能可采用断裂伸长率来作表征,由于防水覆膜能很好地阻隔水汽对聚氨酯材料的影响,采用单温度应力便可以来考核其老化性能。结论针对具有防水覆膜的吸波结构用聚氨酯泡沫材料,采用单温度应力作用下的断裂伸长率变化可以对其耐老化性能进行有效评估。     

基于风险矩阵的旅游景区安全风险评估优化方法研究

为解决风险矩阵法在实际使用过程中常面临的因评估者认知局限性、经验不足等原因造成的风险评估结果矛盾甚至错误的问题,本文提出了一种基于风险矩阵的旅游景区风险评估结果优化方法,通过研究景区安全风险可能性和严重性的影响因素,建立相应的评估指标,从而得出景区突发事件可能性和严重度的相对排序,为风险评估结果的修正提供了依据。