三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法评估堆肥腐熟度

评估堆肥腐熟度是确保堆肥产品质量的重要保证. 采用三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法快速评估菜粕和稻糠堆肥过程中的腐熟度. 结果表明:菜粕和稻糠堆肥可在16 d内完成一次发酵,其中第7～14天为高温期(>50 ℃,共8 d);随后,堆体进入降温期,第16天降至32 ℃. 堆肥初期(第0～6天)DOC(溶解性有机碳)、DON(溶解性有机氮)质量浓度和EC(电导率)先稳定在一个较低的水平;在堆肥高温期(第7～14天),ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC则分别迅速升至10.47 mg/L、7.52 mg/L和5.76 mS/cm. 堆肥腐熟度相关指标〔即ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC〕与FRI(荧光区域指数)方法中P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n指标的变化趋势一致,并且具有极显著相关性(R>0.942,P<0.01);而与P_Ⅰ,n变化趋势相反,也具有显著的相关性(R<-0.871,P<0.05). 因此,P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与P_Ⅰ,n可以用于表征堆肥腐熟度.      

滇池典型陆生和水生植物溶解性有机质组分的光谱分析

应用紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶红外光谱与三维荧光光谱,对采自滇池外海及湖滨农田的2种典型陆生植物(玉米、紫茎泽兰)和5种水生植物(芦苇、水红花、水葫芦、眼子菜、茭草)所提取的DOM(溶解性有机质)组分进行了光谱分析. 结果表明,陆生与水生植物DOM的紫外-可见光谱曲线基本类似,吸光度均随波长的增加而降低. 陆生植物DOM的SUVA₂₅₄(单位溶解性有机碳浓度下波长254 nm处吸收系数)值大于水生植物,表明滇池外源输入的DOM腐殖化程度大于内源. 植物叶中DOM的A₂₅₀/A₃₆₅(A₂₅₀、A₃₆₅分别为波长250和365 nm处的紫外吸光度比值)小于茎,表明叶中DOM的芳香性和分子量都大于茎. 陆生与水生植物DOM均有相似的红外特征峰带,其中—COO-、—CH₂、—CO、—OH、—NH₂的特征峰明显,表明它们是构成陆生和水生植物DOM的主要官能团. 三维荧光光谱分析表明,陆生植物茎的DOM中含有类富里酸物质,而叶的DOM中含有类腐殖酸物质. 水生植物除了水葫芦叶的DOM中含有类腐殖酸物质外,其他样品无论茎、叶都含有类富里酸物质. 除水葫芦叶外,同种植物茎的DOM中存在类色氨酸物质,而叶中不存在.      

Quality standard codes of reference of Jordanian coastal waters of the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea

Back in 1992, the Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan (GAEAP), a collaboration between the Aqaba Region Authority (ARA), Jordan and the World Bank, gave considerable emphasis to the environmental protection of the Gulf of Aqaba [The World Bank. Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan. Report No. 12244JO (1993).]. The document recommended the establishment of a marine reserve and the long term monitoring of the coastal habitats’ environmental quality. The combination of a dedicated follow up, the collaborative efforts of ARA and the Marine Science Station (MSS), and the founding of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) have turned the recommendations into reality. A comprehensive monitoring program of the Jordanian coastal habitats commenced in 1999. The first three years of the program were financed by a donation from The Global Environmental Facility (GEF). In return, Jordan has committed itself to the maintenance of the monitoring program as an ongoing tool for sustainable coastal management. The monitoring program includes observations on benthic habitat, fish communities, bottom sediments and seawater quality. This paper focuses on the results of seawater-quality monitoring in the first three years. Records of weather conditions, coastal currents, seawater temperature, transparency, salinity, density, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, particulate matter, chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass, total coliform, fecal coliform, hydrocarbons and sedimentation rate have been generated monthly since January 1999 at six coastal stations, and one offshore reference station, in the Jordanian waters of the Gulf of Aqaba. The coastal stations are located at sites with different benthic habitats and are occupied by different human activities. Offshore records of density (thermohaline structure), nutrients and chlorophyll a depicted two well-defined seasons; a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-rich, mixed water winter from December to April and a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-poor, stratified water summer from June to October. Short transition seasons appeared in May and November. The mixing and stratification seasons were also clearly depicted in the coastal waters. Statistical analysis of the three-year data collected at the offshore station revealed no significant inter-annual differences in the upper 125 m of the water column with respect to any of the measured parameters. At coastal stations, the water quality at the two northernmost stations was significantly different in comparison to the upper 125 m at the offshore station and to the other coastal stations, with respect to the two key indicator parameters: inorganic nitrogen and chlorophyll a. The three-year findings of the monitoring program are employed to suggest standard codes of reference for the coastal water quality.     

Characterization of submicron aerosols in the urban outflow of the central Pearl River Delta region of China

Submicron aerosol particles (with aerodynamic diameters less than 1 μm, PM₁) were sampled and measured in Heshan, an urban outflow site of Guangzhou megacity in Pearl River Delta in South China, using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) in November 2010 during 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. The mean PM₁ mass concentration measured was 47.9±17.0 μg·m^-3 during the campaign, with organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate being the two dominant species, accounting for 36.3% and 20.9% of the total mass, respectively, followed by black carbon (17.1%, measured by an aethalometer), nitrate (12.9%), ammonium (9.6%) and chloride (3.1%). The average size distributions of the species (except black carbon) were dominated by an accumulation mode peaking at ~550 nm. Calculations based on high-resolution organic mass spectrum showed that, C, H, O and N on average contributed 58.1%, 7.3%, 30.7%, and 3.9% to the total organic mass, respectively. The average ratio of organic mass over organic carbon mass (OM/OC) was 1.73±0.08. Four components of OA were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, including a hydrocarbon-like (HOA), a biomass burning (BBOA) and two oxygenated (SV-OOA and LV-OOA) organic aerosol components, which on average accounted for 18.0%, 14.3%, 28.8% and 38.9% of the total organic mass, respectively.     

Effects of tour boats on dolphin activity examined with sensitivity analysis of Markov chains

In Patagonia, Argentina, watching dolphins, especially dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), is a new tourist activity. Feeding time decreases and time to return to feeding after feeding is abandoned and time it takes a group of dolphins to feed increase in the presence of boats. Such effects on feeding behavior may exert energetic costs on dolphins and thus reduce an individual's survival and reproductive capacity or maybe associated with shifts in distribution. We sought to predict which behavioral changes modify the activity pattern of dolphins the most. We modeled behavioral sequences of dusky dolphins with Markov chains. We calculated transition probabilities from one activity to another and arranged them in a stochastic matrix model. The proportion of time dolphins dedicated to a given activity (activity budget) and the time it took a dolphin to resume that activity after it had been abandoned (recurrence time) were calculated. We used a sensitivity analysis of Markov chains to calculate the sensitivity of the time budget and the activity-resumption time to changes in behavioral transition probabilities. Feeding-time budget was most sensitive to changes in the probability of dolphins switching from traveling to feeding behavior and of maintaining feeding behavior. Thus, an increase in these probabilities would be associated with the largest reduction in the time dedicated to feeding. A reduction in the probability of changing from traveling to feeding would also be associated with the largest increases in the time it takes dolphins to resume feeding. To approach dolphins when they are traveling would not affect behavior less because presence of the boat may keep dolphins from returning to feeding. Our results may help operators of dolphin-watching vessels minimize negative effects on dolphins.     

磁粉活性污泥法处理城市生活污水的反应动力学特征

磁粉活性污泥法是在传统活性污泥法中加入磁性粉末(Fe3O4)的废水生物处理方法。在最佳运行状况下,对磁粉活性污泥法基质降解动力学进行了研究。磁粉活性污泥法基质降解符合一级反应规律,利用Monod方程对试验数据进行拟合,确定了其动力学参数,半速率常数Ks、有机底物的最大比降解速率vmax分别为10.39 mg/L和0.804 d-1。     

基于ISM和AHP法的矿工习惯性违章行为影响因素研究

为深入研究矿工习惯性违章行为的影响因素及其作用模式,从个体、管理、组织、工作本身等层面建立矿工习惯性违章行为影响因素指标体系。采用解释结构模型(ISM)分析各因素之间的联系,建立3级多层递阶ISM。应用层次分析法(AHP)对结构模型中各因素指标的影响力排序,建立指标综合权重体系。结果表明:表层直接影响因素集中于个体因素和组织因素。中层间接影响因素主要涉及个人传记特征和工作本身因素。深层根本影响因素全部集中于管理因素。安全生产投入、安全教育培训、个体心理状况、个体安全意识、安全管理制度是习惯性违章行为的主要影响因素。建议以加大安全投入力度、增强安全培训多样性、强化管理者的行为等措施,预防和控制习惯性违章行为。     

航空公司运行风险因子交互作用规律研究

针对影响航空公司飞机运行安全的风险因子具有关联性及因果性的特点,从人、机、环、管四方面分析影响航空公司飞机安全运行的风险因子,由专家及航空公司运行人员对风险因子两两之间的相关性及因果性进行判断,结合图论中的方法构建风险因子的邻接矩阵,并利用MATLAB仿真软件构建邻接矩阵的可达矩阵,然后对可达矩阵进行分解并将风险因子分为5个层次,构成一个多级递阶的网络模型,明确不同层次中的风险因子及其因果关联影响,揭示风险因子交互作用的内在规律.结果表明,网络结构模型具有良好因果关系及层次,说明只有通过系统安全管理手段避免风险因子之间的交互作用才能更加有效控制风险的发生.     

HAZOP与风险矩阵组合技术应用研究

通过对国外风险矩阵和个体风险研究,同时结合国内相关法律法规和企业事故管理规定,首次提出风险矩阵制定的依据,为企业行业制定风险矩阵提供理论基础,并制定出适合自身企业的风险矩阵。将HAZOP分析方法与风险矩阵相结合,提出"HAZOP+风险矩阵"组合技术,并采用该组合技术对精对苯二甲酸(PTA)装置氧化反应器单元的危险与可操作性问题进行系统分析,识别出装置中存在的过程安全问题并提出建议,对整个装置重大工艺安全事故的预防和安全平稳运行起到重要作用。     

蠕变-渗流耦合作用下水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率时空演化规律

为了研究水力冲孔周围煤体瓦斯运移规律,研究了水力冲孔周围煤体的应力、体积应变和孔径变化规律,建立了蠕变-渗流耦合作用下的水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率动态演化模型,揭示了水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率的时空演化规律,阐明了蠕变变形和基质收缩对渗透率的控制作用机理。研究结果表明:水力冲孔措施可以大幅度提高钻孔周围煤体的渗透率,在空间上煤体渗透率随距离呈负幂函数关系迅速降低（K=2×10-16 r -2.4）;在时间上煤体渗透率随抽采时间的延长而逐渐增大,但是增加梯度会逐渐降低;水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率的增加主要受到煤的蠕变变形控制,基质收缩效应虽然有利于渗透率的增加,但对渗透率的贡献远小于煤体的蠕变变形;钻孔由于蠕变变形会产生缩孔现象,很容易堵塞抽采通道,此时即使渗透率大幅度的提高,也很难保证抽采效果,因此迫切需要制定相应的防堵孔措施。