基于模拟退火的随机取向含核椭球颗粒粒径反演

烟颗粒的光散射数值模拟计算多采用单种匀质的球形、椭球或分形模型。实际上,多种情况下的烟颗粒并非仅由单种匀质组成,例如细水雾灭火和湿式洗涤塔除尘过程中生成的烟颗粒即是一种以碳烟颗粒作为凝结核、水为外壳的含核水凝物气溶胶颗粒。针对随机取向条件下,利用离散偶极子近似方法对轴对称的含核椭球颗粒模型进行数值模拟计算,得到光散射Mueller矩阵,并基于Lorenz-Mie散射理论,采用全局搜索能力很强的模拟退火算法,实现了单分散系的含核椭球颗粒的粒径反演。讨论分析了内核半径与外壳有效半径比q及内核折射率n对轴对称的含核椭球颗粒粒径反演的影响。粒径反演结果表明:q对含核椭球颗粒的粒径反演结果及误差影响较大,n在一定程度上影响颗粒的粒径反演。     

DC反应器处理中药废水过程中出水的光谱分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)与傅立叶红外(FTIR)光谱技术,对不同运行条件下,新型双循环(DC)厌氧反应器处理中药废水的出水情况进行了分析,以期为厌氧反应器的有效监控提供新思路.结果表明,在HRT为24h时,COD去除率为94%左右,平均产气率达到0.37m3CH4/kgCOD,出水的EEM光谱中,Ex/Em=420/470nm处出现了明显的辅酶F420吸收峰;而HRT减少为12h后,虽然COD去除率仍达到90%左右,但出水EEM光谱中,辅酶F420的吸收峰有所降低,并出现了类富里酸的吸收峰,表明不宜再继续减少HRT.当温度由30oC降低为20oC时,温度的变化影响了厌氧污泥的性状,使得出水的FTIR光谱中3400cm-1处的吸收峰由原来的钝峰变为尖峰.而在进水中添加大黄酸后,造成了反应器内有机酸的累积,产甲烷菌活性受到严重影响,出水的EEM光谱中,腐殖酸与类富里酸的吸收峰显著增强.     

基于两种耦合方法的模拟-优化模型在地下水污染源识别中的对比

采用一种基于模拟-优化模型的方法对地下水污染源进行识别研究.模拟-优化模型分别采用响应矩阵法和状态转移方程法进行耦合,并利用遗传算法求解,经过多次迭代,使得模拟结果与观测数据的误差达到最小.最后,通过一个假想例子评估模拟-优化模型的性能,同时比较应用不同耦合方法的计算结果.研究表明:应用响应矩阵法耦合模拟-优化模型所得结果的绝对误差范围为0.1~1.6g/L,应用状态转移方程法时,绝对误差范围为0~5.2g/L,因此,采用遗传算法求解模拟-优化模型能够有效且准确地得到地下水污染源的释放量,可以应用于地下水污染源识别问题,并且采用响应矩阵法耦合模拟-优化模型优于状态转移方程法.     

铁路专用线危险货物运输安全指标属性约简研究

为了对铁路专用线危险货物运输安全性进行科学合理的评价,系统分析了铁路专用线危险货物运输特征及影响因素,从“人、机、路、管”角度出发,构建了涵盖资质管理、安全设备设施、运输设备设施、安全管理4个层面的铁路专用线危险货物运输安全评价体系。针对指标间存在的冗余性问题,采用基于改进区分矩阵的粗糙集属性约简算法对评价体系进行精简,并以成都铁路局某条危险货物专用线进行实例研究。结果表明:托运人资质、安全监控系统等10项指标为属性约简后的重要风险因素。     

基于MATLAB工具箱的开采煤层自燃危险性预测

正确预测开采煤层自燃发火的趋势与危险性,对煤矿安全生产具有重要的指导意义。煤层自燃发火的趋势和危险程度与其影响因素之间存在着复杂的非线性关系,而人工神经网络具有极强的非线性逼近能力,能真实刻画出输入变量与输出变量之间的非线性关系。为准确预测开采煤层自燃发火的危险性,笔者针对反向BP神经网络收敛差的缺点,分别采用基于MATLAB神经网络工具箱中的VLBP和LMBP算法的改进BP神经网络模型对开采煤层自燃的危险性进行了预测。根据开采煤层自燃的特点,选取煤本身自燃倾向性、煤层地质及赋存条件、通风技术条件3个关键影响因素作为开采煤层自燃危险性的评判指标,建立了开采煤层自燃危险性预测的神经网络模型。实际应用效果表明,采用基于MATLAB神经网络工具箱的BP网络模型,能克服一般BP网络收敛较慢的缺点,能加快收敛速度;运用LMBP算法比VLBP算法快,但需较大计算机内存;该模型收敛速度快,准确性高,是一种十分有效的开采煤层自燃危险性预测方法。     

基于存活概率的动态车龄分布模型

城市车辆的年龄组成(简称车龄分布)是体现城市车辆老化程度和确定车辆报废年限的重要指标。目前已有的车龄分布算法要求数据量大,在我国大部分城市很难得到完整的数据。笔者提出一种符合威布尔分布的车辆存活概率算法。该算法根据车辆保有量数据和报废车辆总数(或新车数据)推导出各年的车龄分布,且能够动态预测将来年份的车龄分布。同时,利用北京市小客数据对算法进行了实例应用,证明该法的实用可行性。由于该算法所需数据量小,计算简便,特别适用于我国在用车统计不完备的地区,利用该算法根据有限的数据来推导出当地的车龄分布,具有通用性。该算法的有效性检验和敏感度分析需进一步研究。     

工厂安全性评价指标体系科学性的间接测定方法

工厂安全性评价指标体系是评价工厂安全性工作的测定标准，指标体系的科学性和合理性与工厂安全性评价工作密切相关。工厂安全性评价指标体系科学性的间接测定方法是，采用直接测定结果作为间接测定指标体系的样本，再利用各指标之间的相关量，求出间接测定结果，通过直接评价结果与间接评价结果的比较，检查直接评价结果的准确程度，以分析修正指标体系。     

A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING WATER RESOURCES FOR URBAN PLANNING1

A matrix has been developed to guide the assessment of urban water resources. The matrix provides a means for determining the relative importance of water-related problems, and for identifying the data needed to evaluate these problems for the purpose of urban planning. The matrix columns list nine categories of potential water-related urban problems. The rows list 51 categories of data inputs which may be needed to evaluate the potential problems. The inputs include standard types of basic hydrologic data, information based on analysis and interpretation of these data, and information on the interfacing factors of climate, land, and culture. A system is described for ranking the relative importance of the problem categories and data inputs on a numerical scale of 0 to 3. From this, an index is derived that evaluates the relative importance of each input item to an overall program for water resource assessment. From the completed matrix the hydrologist can determine the availability of data to meet the identified requirements. Judgement can then be made as to priorities on work elements to provide the planner with maximum information in minimum time. The matrix also provides a basis for the development of programs and their funding in order to overcome critical data deficiencies.     

路面预防性养护时机确定方法探讨

介绍了路面预防性养护时机的确定方法 :应用行驶质量指数或破坏指数、基于时间或路况、效益费用评估、生命周期费用分析、决策树或决策矩阵、评分排序方法进行路面预防性养护时机的确定 ;挖掘了目前路面预防性养护时机选取方法中存在的不足。根据路面破坏的复杂性以及目前路面预防性养护时机选取方法的不足 ,提出应对措施 ,路面预防性养护时机研究应该在一个多标准、基于路面性能的基础上进行 ;在路面结构性能良好的情况下 ,基于预防性养护的路面功能性能衰变是进行路面预防性养护时机研究的关键     

General concepts for measuring cumulative impacts on wetland ecosystems

Because environmental impacts accumulate over space and time, analysis is difficult, and we must incorporate the most recent scientifically defensible information and methods into the process. Methods designed to deal specifically with cumulative impacts include checklists of characteristics or processes, matrices of interactions (rated according to their level of importance) between disturbance activities and environmental conditions, nodal networks or pathways that depict probable effects of disturbances, and dynamic system models. These methods have been tested over the past decade and have proven generally successful.Landscape perspectives have emerged as especially helpful in analyzing cumulative effects, and have focused specific attention on questions of spatial and temporal scale, while leading to recognition of the complexity of ecosystem processes in general. An evaluation of several cases studies by the Commission on Life Sciences of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences emphasizes the importance of interactions and cumulative effects, but recognizes that current knowledge of the processes involved is insufficient to make specific recommendations for conceptual frameworks.The conceptual approach suggested by Preston and Bedford (1988) addresses many critical issues, such as the need to define dimensions of scale, and the importance of wetland size, shape, and location in the landscape. This approach and similar ones must be tested and evaluated so that a consensus may eventually emerge.A cumulative impact matrix is proposed that sets up additive, synergistic, and indirect categories, each capable of variation in space and time. Every interaction would be carefully examined to determine the likelihood of cumulative impact in any of the six categories. Because of its magnifying glass approach, such a matrix could be a very useful analytical tool, using existing methods to uncover all the information presently available about the behavior of the ecosystem of concern.