Structuring pelagic trophic networks from the biomass size spectra

The selection and establishment of the structure (number and compartments, aggregation criteria, and trophic links) of the food webs is a critical task in trophic modelling. The present work proposes a systematic method to structure trophic networks in pelagic food webs. The biomass-size spectrum (BSS) is a well-established approach to analyze the structure of pelagic communities, and the body size is especially related to the ecological role of the organisms in the pelagic environment. To structure food webs, this work uses detailed arrangements of the community in size classes with increasing widths (like Sheldon-type BSS) as first aggregation criteria, and BSS theory as a framework to integrate the available knowledge about feeding selectivity in order to obtain a method to identify the trophic links between compartments. Diet composition matrices were estimated through the combination of a probability of encounter for each food type and a specific probability of ingestion related to the food size selectivity and other food quality characteristics (e.g., morphology and nutritional quality). The feasibility of this approach has been illustrated through data of size-structured communities extracted from the literature including different planktonic predator guilds (nanoflagellates, cladoceran-dominated zooplankton and copepod-dominated zooplankton) in a high mountain lake (La Caldera, Spain), two subtropical wetland lakes (meso-oligotrophic Laguna Galarza and eutrophic Laguna Iberá, Argentina) and a marine microcosm (Alborán Sea, Mediterranean). The identification of “who eats whom” and “by how much” also allows for more accurate analyses of the trophic control in the BSS. Extensive analyses of the balance between top-down and bottom-up controls were developed for the feeding interactions of the study cases.     

基于模拟退火的随机取向含核椭球颗粒粒径反演

烟颗粒的光散射数值模拟计算多采用单种匀质的球形、椭球或分形模型。实际上,多种情况下的烟颗粒并非仅由单种匀质组成,例如细水雾灭火和湿式洗涤塔除尘过程中生成的烟颗粒即是一种以碳烟颗粒作为凝结核、水为外壳的含核水凝物气溶胶颗粒。针对随机取向条件下,利用离散偶极子近似方法对轴对称的含核椭球颗粒模型进行数值模拟计算,得到光散射Mueller矩阵,并基于Lorenz-Mie散射理论,采用全局搜索能力很强的模拟退火算法,实现了单分散系的含核椭球颗粒的粒径反演。讨论分析了内核半径与外壳有效半径比q及内核折射率n对轴对称的含核椭球颗粒粒径反演的影响。粒径反演结果表明:q对含核椭球颗粒的粒径反演结果及误差影响较大,n在一定程度上影响颗粒的粒径反演。     

机械原因飞行事故诱因的分析与预测研究

为更好地预防机械原因飞行事故,提高安全管理和决策的水平,提出机械原因飞行事故诱因的分析与预测方法。首先借鉴"瑞士奶酪"模型的思想,建立了机械原因飞行事故诱因分析分类体系;而后构建了事故的二进制矩阵,通过进行比例矩阵分析和单一聚类分析来辨识重要的单诱因、两两诱因组合和事故主要诱发模式;最后采用Bootstrap方法对其进行预测。结果表明:所提出的方法能够辨识出机械原因飞行事故中的重要单诱因、两两诱因组合和主要诱发模式,并对其做出较为准确的预测,进而对制订事故防控预案,预防此类事故的发生具有重要意义。     

1990—2018年赤水河流域土地利用变化分析

土地利用的变化可以直接反映人类活动程度,赤水河作为长江流域上游的重要支流,在共抓长江大保护的时代背景下,掌握其土地利用动态变化有利于土地优化管理和区域可持续发展。利用1990—2018年共7期土地利用数据,根据区域特点,整合水田、旱地、林地、草地、水域、城乡建设用地、未利用地7种土地利用类型,从分布格局、土地利用单一动态度、土地利用转移矩阵方面对赤水河流域土地利用类型的空间分布与时空变化进行分析。结果表明:赤水河流域各土地利用类型面积占比为林地>旱地>水田>草地>城乡建设用地>水域>未利用地,林地分布广泛,集中分布在赤水河流域下游,旱地多分布在流域上游,水田多分布在流域下游,草地和城乡建设用地多沿河谷分布;各土地利用类型动态度变化随时间逐渐升高,其中草地、城乡建设用地在2015—2018年动态度变化明显提高;受退耕还林政策的影响,林地与旱地间的转化较多,且2006—2015年转化程度高于1990—2000年,而2006—2015年、2015—2018年草地、城乡建设用地与其他土地利用类型间的转化明显增多。赤水河流域GDP总量增长速率逐年升高,与城乡建设用地增长速率相比,2015—2018年有所减缓,城乡建设用地单位面积经济产出逐年降低,土地利用效率有待提高。     

贵州草海水体溶解性有机物的荧光光谱特征及来源解析

为探明草海水环境污染物分布特征及来源状况,采用三维荧光光谱技术结合平行因子分析法,对草海水体中溶解性有机物组成特征进行剖析,分析有机物组分在枯水期和丰水期的浓度特征及分布差异,并采用多个荧光指数解析水体溶解性有机物的来源.结果表明,草海水体溶解性有机物中包含2种类型的4种组分,即自生源产生的腐殖质类物质C1(360/4...     

郑州市细颗粒物时空差异及管控措施影响

为研究郑州市细颗粒物(PM2.5)时空分布差异及秋冬季管控措施影响,于2017年秋季至2018年冬季选取5个点位采集PM2.5样品并进行组分分析,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析PM2.5污染来源,评估郑州市秋冬季管控效果,并基于源解析结果为下一阶段秋冬季管控提供支撑.郑州市PM2 5浓度冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季,...     

Si(B)CN 陶瓷及其复合材料评价与应用研究现状

总结了近年来Si(B)CN陶瓷及其复合材料评价与应用研究现状。首先介绍了Si(B)CN陶瓷及其复合材料的制备,而后详细综述了Si(B)CN陶瓷及其复合材料在力学性能、氧化行为、烧蚀行为、疲劳与蠕变性能、环境性能等方面的性能评价,并对其应用现状进行了概述。     

和田市城区PM2.5化学组成特征及来源分析

为了解中国极干旱区域和田市城区大气PM_2.5的组成特征及污染水平,于2014年1-12月采集和田市城区大气PM_2.5样品,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、离子色谱仪（IC）、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）及元素分析仪分析其中PAHs（多环芳烃）、金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC（有机碳）和EC（元素碳）等化学组分.结果表明,采样期间和田市城区大气PM_2.5质量浓度年均值为（770.11±568.01）μg/m3,呈夏季最高、冬季最低趋势;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC、∑₁₆ PAHs（总多环芳烃）分别占PM_2.5质量浓度的15.292%、9.789%、4.246%、0.331%、0.015%.利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解法）分别对PM_2.5中PAHs和金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC进行来源解析表明,PAHs主要来源为煤和汽油燃烧排放（13.91%）、生物质燃烧（33.98%）、天然气燃烧（52.11%）;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC的主要来源为土壤尘（56.49%）、油类燃烧（25.49%）、机动车排放（10.09%）、燃煤及生物质燃烧（7.93%）.研究显示,采样期间沙尘对和田市城区大气PM_2.5组成影响较大,是该地区大气污染来源的主要因素.      

航空事故调查中人的因素安全建议框架研究

对航空事故中人的不安全行为进行了系统分析,将失误划分为感知失误、记忆失误、决策失误、技能失误4个类别,将违章划分为习惯性违章和偶然性违章。将人的因素干预维度确定为组织管理、人/团队、技术、任务和环境。针对不安全行为制定相应的初步改进措施后,还需从措施的可行性、可接受性、经济性和有效性4个方面进行综合评估和取舍。实证研究表明,人的因素干预矩阵是制定安全建议的有效工具,该框架具备良好的适用性。     

Extraction and characterization of bound extracellular polymeric substances from cultured pure cyanobacterium (Microcystis wesenbergii)

Preliminary characterization of bound extracellular polymeric substances（bEPS） of cyanobacteria is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the formation mechanism of cyanobacterial bloom. However,the characterization of bEPS can be affected by extraction methods. Five sets（including the control） of bEPS from Microcystis extracted by different methods were characterized using three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix（3DEEM） fluorescence spectroscopy combined chemical spectrophotometry; and the characterization results of bEPS samples were further compared. The agents used for extraction were NaOH,pure water and phosphate buffered saline（PBS） containing cationic exchange resins,and hot water. Extraction methods affected the fluorescence signals and intensities in the bEPS. Five fluorescence peaks were observed in the excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectra of bEPS samples. Two peaks（peaks T1 and T2） present in all extractions were identified as protein-like fluorophores,two（peaks A and C） as humic-like fluorophores,and one（peak E） as a fulvic-like substance.Among these substances,the humic-like and fulvic-like fluorescences were only seen in the bEPS extracted with hot water. Also,NaOH solution extraction could result in strong fluorescence intensities compared to the other extraction methods. It was suggested that NaOH at pH 10.0 was the most appropriate method to extract bEPS from Microcystis. In addition,dialysis could affect the yields and characteristics of extracted bEPS during the determination process. These results will help us to explore the issues of cyanobacterial blooms.