基于模糊保护层的池火灾事故风险分析

为计算引发池火灾事故的风险值,提高事故风险的量化水平,判断现有风险控制措施是否满足风险容忍度的要求,为制定减缓风险措施提供依据,给出了新的池火灾风险评估模型。基于传统的保护层分析模型(LOPA),结合模糊集合理论,引入模糊风险矩阵进行风险评估,构建适用于引发池火灾事故的模糊保护层(fL OPA)风险分析模型。该模型的特点是将模糊逻辑和保护层分析结合,减少了传统保护层分析方法计算过程中的不确定性因素,引入严重度减少指数(SRI)概念,使严重度计算、风险评估更加准确。运用该模型对原油储罐泄漏池火灾事故风险进行分析,给出风险决策方案,判断现有保护措施是否能控制风险在可容忍范围内,实例验证了模型的可行性。     

近20年来康定市景观格局演变及其驱动力分析

为了研究近20年来康定市景观格局的演变并分析其主要驱动力,基于1990、2000、2010年的遥感解译数据,在类型和景观水平上计算分析了近20年来康定市的景观格局指数变化、景观类型转移和质心偏移,探讨了康定市景观格局演变的主要驱动力。结果表明:1)康定市景观格局中林地景观和草地景观所占面积最大,为主要优势基质景观类型,对维持区域生态系统稳定起决定性作用,其次依次为其他景观、水域景观、农田景观和人文景观;2)20年来康定市景观破碎化程度有所增加,景观形状整体上趋于简单化,景观连接性和多样性增加,但景观均匀度下降;3)1990—2010年人文景观和林地景观面积增加,而农田景观面积降低,其他类型面积变化较小,农田景观和人文景观受人类干扰较大,破碎化程度增加,斑块形状趋于简单;4)1990—2000年景观类型面积基本未发生转移,2000—2010年农田景观和草地景观向林地景观转移,草地景观和林地景观向人文景观转移;5)近20年来人文景观类型向西偏移了0.058°,向北偏移了0.026°,农田景观类型向西偏移了0.033°,向南偏移了0.014°,而林地、草地、水域和其他景观类型的质心几乎未发生偏移。近20年来康定市景观格局变化是自然因素和人为因素综合作用的结果,特别是社会经济、政策和人口增长等人为因素是康定市景观格局演变的主要因素。     

基于关系矩阵和模糊集合的煤与瓦斯突出综合评价

用关系矩阵确定表征各影响因素在煤与瓦斯突出地位中的因素活动性指数，并利用模糊集合理论中的隶属变化量化手段确定单因素分级指数，最后综合两种指数求得反映煤与瓦斯突出的危险性系数。此方法在平顶山煤业集团预测煤与瓦斯突出中的应用表明：基于关系矩阵和模糊集合的煤与瓦斯突出综合评价是可行的。     

萃取／硝化／石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中的三丁基锡

建立了萃取／硝化／石墨炉原子吸收法分析海水中三丁基锡的方法，筛选了最佳的萃取条件、基改剂及石墨炉参数。本方法检出限为０１６μｇ／Ｌ；相对标准偏差最高不超过４％；回收率为９４％～１０５％。     

用层次分析法综合评价建设项目的环境影响

根据环境系统的组成,结合项目情况及选择评价指标的基本原则选出主要的影响因素。利用层次分析法确定各因素的权重,通过实际监测数据分析和相关的调查资料得出各因素的取值。根据各因子的权重和取值计算出工程前后的环境质量综合值,并由此判断工程兴建对环境质量的影响。     

Stimulation of human amniotic fluid cell proliferation and colony formation by cell plating on a naturally produced extracellular matrix

Human amniotic fluid cells exhibit a higher cloning efficiency and rate of cell proliferation when maintained on dishes coated with a naturally produced extracellular matrix (ECM) in comparison with the regular tissue culture plastic. In 22 out of 31 amniotic fluid samples there was by plating the cells on ECM a 2–6 fold increase in number and size of colonies and in the cell density per colony as detected by actual staining and viewing of each colony. These effects yielded, in 21 of 41 additional samples, a reduction ranging from 2–8 days, in the culture time elapsing between amniocentesis and the first harvesting of cells for chromosomal analysis. An even greater effect was obtained with primary cells that failed to attach to plastic surfaces and stayed floating in the medium but did attach and proliferate when seeded on ECM. Cells that were left firmly attached to ECM after the first trypsinization and harvesting of cells for chromosomal analysis yielded colonies ready for second karyotyping in less than half the time required for cells maintained on plastic. Studies with secondary cultures of human amniotic fluid cells have demonstrated a 5–10 fold decrease in serum requirement of cells cultured on ECM as compared with plastic. Addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the cultures further potentiated the effects of ECM. The ECM induced stimulation of cell attachment and proliferation was not associated with any chromosomal anomalies, nor did it interfere with the handling procedure. ECM coated dishes may be useful to reduce the time interval between amniocentesis and diagnosis, in particular when the amniotic cells exhibit an exceedingly slow rate of proliferation on plastic or when large quantities of cells are required for enzymatic studies.     

应用混合-澄清槽萃取炼油厂碱渣中和酸性水工艺研究

实验确定了采用有机胺萃处理碱渣中和酸性水时，达到传质平衡时的萃取、反萃混合槽单位体积能耗，以及无相夹带时萃取、反萃澄清槽停留时间。原水CODcr11993～28000mg／L，CODcr去除率85％～90％。     

应用层次分析法研究呼和浩特石化分公司环境保护的问题

本文应用层次分析法对可能影响呼和浩特炼油厂环境保护工作的各种因素和将采取的对策措施进行排序、分析，阐明了当前影响该厂环境保护工作各类因素的主次顺序，为本厂环境保护工作提高提供了理论依据。     

Stratified flow interactions with a suspended canopy

Field observations of the interactions between a stratified flow and a canopy suspended from the free surface above a solid boundary are described and analysed. Data were recorded in and around the canopy formed by a large long-line mussel farm. The canopy causes a partial blockage of the water flow, reducing velocities in the upper water column. Deceleration of the approaching flow results in a deepening of isopycnals upstream of the canopy. Energy considerations show that the potential for an approaching stratified flow to be diverted beneath a porous canopy is indicated by a densimetric Froude number. Strong stratification or low-velocities inhibit vertical diversion beneath the canopy, instead favouring a horizontal diversion around the sides. The effect on vertical mixing is also considered with a shear layer generated beneath the canopy and turbulence generated from drag within the canopy. In the observations, stratification is shown to be of sufficient strength to limit the effectiveness of the first mixing process, while the turbulence within the canopy is likely to enhance vertical exchange. Velocity and temperature microstructure measurements are used to investigate the effect of the canopy on turbulent dissipation and show that dissipation is enhanced within the canopy.     

An Experimental Test of Matrix Permeability and Corridor Use by an Endemic Understory Bird

Abstract:  Because of widespread habitat fragmentation, maintenance of landscape connectivity has become a major focus of conservation planning, but empirical tests of animal movement in fragmented landscapes remain scarce. We conducted a translocation experiment to test the relative permeability of three landscape elements (open habitat, shrubby secondary vegetation, and wooded corridors) to movement by the Chucao Tapaculo ( Scelorchilus rubecula ), a forest understory bird endemic to South American temperate rainforest. Forty-one radio-tagged subjects were translocated (individually) to three landscape treatments consisting of small release patches that were either entirely surrounded by open habitat (pasture), entirely surrounded by dense shrubs, or linked to other patches by wooded corridors that were otherwise surrounded by open matrix. The number of days subjects remained in release patches before dispersal (a measure of habitat resistance) was significantly longer for patches surrounded by open habitat than for patches adjoining corridors or surrounded by dense shrubs. These results indicate that open habitat significantly constrains Chucao dispersal, in accord with expectation, but dispersal occurs equally well through wooded corridors and shrub-dominated matrix. Thus, corridor protection or restoration and management of vegetation in the matrix (to encourage animal movement) may be equally feasible alternatives for maintaining connectivity.