环境样品中多环芳烃的前处理技术

系统地综述了大气、水体、土壤和底泥以及其它环境样品中多环芳烃的前处理技术,对索氏提取、超声波提取、超临界流萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、微波辅助萃取、快速溶剂萃取等前处理技术在环境样品中的应用进行了概述和比较,并对环境样品中多环芳烃前处理技术的发展进行展望．     

界面层对纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料力学性能影响的研究进展

以短切碳纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料、连续碳纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料、碳化硅纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料为对象,综述了近年来关于界面层对FTCMCs破坏模式影响的实验研究工作。从微观力学模型建立、多尺度损伤分析两方面总结归纳了考虑界面层的FTCMCs力学性能模拟分析方法,提出建立切合实际的物理模型以及开发更先进的多尺度分析方法,是解决复杂服役环境下FTCMCs性能表征难题的有效途径。通过多场耦合多尺度建模分析方法来表征和优化FTCMCs的复杂服役环境下性能,系统揭示界面层等微观结构与宏观复合材料性能的对应关系,进而指导工艺设计,均是未来纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料界面层的重点研究方向。     

Investigation of an accidental explosion due to unintended mixing involving reactive chemicals at a waste storage tank

An accidental explosion occurred in a waste storage tank at an incineration plant in Kawasaki, Japan, on May 11, 1997. The accident was caused primarily by unintended mixing involving reactive chemicals, such as organic peroxides (POs) and acrylonitrile (AN). The PO initiated polymerization of AN and the heat released during the polymerization led to a runaway reaction and explosion. POs are widely used in the chemical industry and can be self-reactive and hazardous when mixed with other chemicals such as acids and alkalis. The goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the mixing hazard of chemicals through an evaluation of POs with other chemicals using conventional experimental techniques such as glass test-tube tests, Dewar vessel tests, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Seven types of POs were mixed with AN. Test results were classified into four ranks based on the hazard criteria. In addition, di(2-ethylhexyl)-peroxydicarbonate/AN mixtures were investigated in detail and the influences of the mixing ratio and the stirring rate were examined.     

利用SPAMS研究西安市重污染天气细颗粒物污染特征及来源

为了对西安市冬季重污染过程中的细颗粒物进行动态源解析,于2016年12月5-22日,利用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）在西安市城市运动公园开展连续观测.将观测期分为4个阶段,结合气象条件对不同阶段细颗粒物的污染特征进行分析比较.依据质谱特征,将所采集到的颗粒分为EC（元素碳）、OC（有机碳）、ECOC（混合碳）、HM（重金属）、LEV（左旋葡聚糖）、SiO₃（矿尘）、K（钾）、Na（钠）、HOC（有机大分子）及Other（其他）类.结果表明:观测期间所采集到的OC类颗粒物数量最多,在重污染阶段OC、K和EC类颗粒物占颗粒总数的70%以上,是重污染天气的主要组成颗粒.在雾霾消散期,OC、LEV和SiO₃类颗粒是主要类型颗粒物.根据颗粒物的化学类型及离子特征,利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解）模型法得到6种污染源贡献率分别为27.7%（燃煤源）、22.3%（二次污染源）、20.4%（交通源）、10.4%（生物质燃烧源）、9.7%（工艺过程源）、6.5%（扬尘源）及3.0%（其他未知源）.研究显示:在重污染阶段,燃煤源与交通源占比大幅上升,与二次污染源共同造成了此次重污染天气;在雾霾消散期,扬尘源及生物质燃烧源成为大气细颗粒物的主要污染源.      

汛期暴雨径流对饮用水水库溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征的影响

为探究汛期暴雨径流对水库有机质的影响,以李家河水库为例,采用三维荧光光谱-平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）及紫外-可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱法分析径流过程中4个时期（径流前、径流洪峰期、径流1周后和6周后）溶解性有机质（DOM）含量及组分变化.结果表明：①径流洪峰期水库水体浊度、DOC含量显著升高（P<0.01）,洪峰期后逐步下降;②紫外-可见光谱特征参数显示,径流洪峰期a（254）和a（355）显著升高（P<0.01）,而E2/E3和E3/E4显著降低（P<0.01）,表明暴雨径流使水库水体DOM的浓度、相对分子质量和腐殖化程度升高;③李家河水库共解析出4种荧光DOM组分,分别为陆源腐殖质组分（C1、C2）、微生物腐殖质组分（C3）和类色氨酸组分（C4）,径流洪峰期C1~C3组分荧光强度显著升高（P<0.05）,表明暴雨径流大幅增加了水库DOM类腐殖质组分含量,洪峰期后C1~C4组分荧光强度不断降低,表明径流后DOM不断沉降和降解.④ Pearson相关性分析显示暴雨径流后水体DOM荧光强度和浊度呈现显著的相关性（r>0.467,P<0.05）,表明DOM的减少和悬浮物沉降有关,主成分分析（PCA）表明暴雨径流事件的各个时期水库水质呈现出不同的特征.本研究阐明了暴雨径流对李家河水库DOM含量和组分短期及后续影响,为饮用水水库水质管理提供了科学支撑.     

TAS-986型石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定绿茶中微量硒

利用加入基体改进剂NiNO3,采用TAS-986型石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对绿茶中微量硒的分析.RSD＜5.0%,回收率在99.0%～100.2%之间,该法简便、快速,测定结果准确可靠.     

NG/NC基体对复合改性双基推进剂机械感度的影响

目的 研究硝化甘油（NG）增塑的硝化棉（NC）基体对复合改性双基（AP/CMDB）固体推进剂机械感度的影响。方法 采用光辊压延法和柱塞式挤出法,分别制备NG增塑的NC吸收药样品及以其为基体的固体推进剂样品,采用扫描电镜表征不同增塑比的NC/NG基体及推进剂的微观形貌,采用摩擦感度仪、撞击感度仪测试NG/NC基体及推进剂的机械感度。结果 当NG的质量分数由41.5%降至37.5%时,NG/NC基体的撞击感度降低53.0%。加入超细高氯酸铵（AP）后,采用NG质量分数为37.5%的基体的推进剂,撞击感度增加46.7%,而加入球形铝粉后,AP颗粒分散均匀性和NG/NC网络均匀性增加,推进剂抗冲强度提高,撞击感度及摩擦感度分别降低44.4%和20.0%。结论 AP/CMDB推进剂的机械感度与微观结构明显相关,AP的加入提高了推进剂机械感度,Al粉的加入提高了粉体的分散均匀性和NG/NC对粉体颗粒的包裹效果,降低了推进剂机械感度。     

Simulated photo-degradation of dissolved organic matter in lakes revealed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix with regional integration and parallel factor analysis

Simulated photo-degradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter(FDOM) in Lake Baihua(BH) and Lake Hongfeng(HF) was investigated with three-dimensional excitationemission matrix(3 DEEM) fluorescence combined with the fluorescence regional integration(FRI),parallel factor(PARAFAC) analysis,and multi-order kinetic models.In the FRI analysis,fulvic-like and humic-like materials were the main constituents for both BH-FDOM and HF-FDOM.Four individual components were identified by use of PARAFAC analysis as humic-like components(C1),fulvic-like components(C2),protein-like components(C3) and unidentified components(C4).The maximum 3 DEEM fluorescence intensity of PARAFAC components C1-C3 decreased by about 60%,70% and 90%,respectively after photo-degradation.The multi-order kinetic model was acceptable to represent the photo-degradation of FDOM with correlation coefficient(R_(adj)~2)(0.963-0.998).The photo-degradation rate constants(k_n) showed differences of three orders of magnitude,from 1.09 x 10~(-6) to 4.02 x 10~(-4) min-1,and half-life of multi-order model(T_(1/2)~n)ranged from 5.26 to 64.01 min.The decreased values of fluorescence index(FI) and biogenic index(BI),the fact that of percent fluorescence response parameter of Region I(P_(Ⅰ,n)) showed the greatest change ratio,followed by percent fluorescence response parameter of Region II(P_(Ⅱ,n),while the largest decrease ratio was found for C3 components,and the lowest T_(1/2)~n was observed for C3,indicated preferential degradation of protein-like materials/components derived from biological sources during photodegradation.This research on the degradation of FDOM by 3 DEEM/FRI-PARAFAC would be beneficial to understanding the photo-degradation of FD OM in natural environments and accurately predicting the environmental behaviors of contaminants in the presence of FDOM.     

三维荧光光谱研究溶解有机质与汞的相互作用

随着荧光光谱技术的进展,三维荧光光谱被广泛应用于研究各种天然水体中溶解有机质(包括腐殖质)的各种环境行为.本文利用三维荧光光谱和荧光猝灭滴定技术研究河流溶解有机质与Hg(Ⅱ)的相互作用.结果表明,溶解有机质中含有的3种类型荧光基团都能够不同程度地被Hg(Ⅱ)猝灭,并采用非线性回归分析拟合出Hg(Ⅱ)与3种荧光基团之间的条件稳定常数.pH值对Hg(Ⅱ)-DOM体系具有显著影响.Cl^-对Hg(Ⅱ)-DOM体系具有强烈的竞争作用.Ca(Ⅱ)能够使Hg(Ⅱ)-DOM体系荧光增强,而Mg(Ⅱ)对之影响很小.此外,Cu(Ⅱ)与Hg(Ⅱ)都是DOM的荧光猝灭剂,但是其猝灭机理存在差异.     

基于PMF模型的宁南山区小流域土壤重金属空间分布及来源解析

为探明宁南山区小流域土壤重金属污染分布特征及主要污染源,确保土壤环境质量.采集并测定了 260个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品重金属Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd.基于宁夏土壤背景值,通过单因素和Nemera综合指数评价土壤重金属污染现状,使用潜在生态风险指数对生态环境风险水平进行评价,利用正定矩阵因子分析法...