碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板耐火性能试验研究

对5块钢筋混凝土板(分别为未加固、采用有机胶或无机胶粘贴碳纤维加固、采取或不采取防火保护措施)进行标准火灾试验,得出了不同种类的胶粘剂和是否采取防火保护措施对高温下碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板的破坏形态、跨中变形、耐火极限等的影响。试验结果表明:即使未采取任何防火保护措施,无机胶粘贴碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板仍具有较好的耐火性能;未采取防火保护措施的情况下,有机胶粘贴碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板的耐火性能比较差;有机胶粘贴碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板,采取适当的防火保护措施后,可有效降低碳纤维粘贴层的温度,从而保证碳纤维与混凝土的粘结强度。     

Tourism policy,biodiversity conservation and management: a case of the Kruger National Park,South Africa

Management of Kruger National Park (KNP) has recently made considerable progress in developing new policies to address biodiversity conservation and management challenges. These include tourism, water provision and elephant management policies. This study examines the integration of these three policies with regard to biodiversity conservation and management. Findings indicate that in their current fragmented form, the three policies actually undermine opportunities for effective biodiversity conservation and management in the KNP. This can be reversed by adopting a new management approach based on an environmental matrix organizational framework. Such a framework provides a mechanism for integrated policymaking and implementation and for improving biodiversity conservation and management in the KNP. The study concludes that an integrated approach is necessary due to the interlinkages between policies that affect biodiversity conservation at the KNP.     

基于工作安全分析和风险矩阵法的自升式平台拖航作业风险评估

工作安全分析法(JSA)将所选择作业按顺序划分若干个步骤,对作业步骤逐步进行风险识别和分析,在工程中得到广泛应用。由于JSA法是一种定性风险分析方法,仅能从定性角度分析作业过程中存在的潜在风险,无法量化其可能性和严重度。将风险矩阵评估方法(Risk Matrix)引入JSA分析过程,结合自升式海洋平台拖航作业及行业评价指标特点,利用风险矩阵计算风险因素的风险度,提出控制和改进措施,得出不同作业步骤各类风险重要度和风险水平,为平台拖航作业安全保障提供指导依据。     

厌氧氨氧化菌混培物保藏方法的研究

厌氧条件下,采用了4℃以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质、自然环境温度以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质、4℃用NH4Cl代替(NH4)2SO4作为保藏基质3种方法保藏厌氧氨氧化菌混培物.结果表明,4℃以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质的方法保藏厌氧氨氧化菌混培物最有效,但自然环境温度以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质的方法保藏厌氧氨氧化菌混培物最经济;在保藏试验的5个月内,3种保藏方法下的厌氧氨氧化活性均先快速下降后趋于稳定,趋于稳定时的活性保留率分别为75.3%,66.3%和47.3%;恶劣的生存环境下,胞外多聚物不仅可维持厌氧氨氧化菌混培物颗粒结构的稳定性,还可使菌群聚集成团从而增大菌群密度以减少代谢过程中的能量损失;无外界颜色干扰时,厌氧氨氧化菌混培物颜色由血红素c含量决定,且与活性直接相关.     

河流-湖泊系统中溶解有机质的示踪及迁移

应用同步和三维荧光光谱对夏季贵州红枫湖、百花湖河流-湖泊系统的DOM(溶解有机质)进行识别和示踪,重点揭示了人为来源DOM的迁移和影响.结果表明,人为来源DOM比例较大的水体r(287 nm/332 nm)(同步荧光光谱指数)均大于1,r(B/C)(三维荧光光谱指数)较高,287 nm处的同步荧光峰是有机污染物的特征峰.与红枫湖表层水相比,百花湖表层水出现明显的类蛋白荧光峰,且r(287 nm/332 nm)(2.7)远大于红枫湖(0.7),指示百花湖中人为来源ρ(DOM)高于红枫湖.东门桥河向百花湖输送了较多人为来源DOM,但在百花湖水体纵向剖面4 m以下受到的影响较小.经过稀释和净化百花湖出口人为来源的ρ(DOM)已降至较低水平.同步荧光和三维荧光光谱联合可用来识别和示踪水体中人为来源ρ(DOM).      

Effect of stage-specific vital rates on population growth rates and effective population sizes in an endangered iteroparous plant

Effective population size (N(e)) determines the strength of genetic drift and can influence the level of genetic diversity a population can maintain. Assessing how changes in demographic rates associated with environmental variables and management actions affect N(e) thus can be crucial to the conservation of endangered species. Calculation of N(e) through demographic models makes it possible to use elasticity analyses to study this issue. The elasticity of N(e) to a given vital rate is the proportional change in N(e) associated with a proportional increase in that vital rate. In addition, demographic models can be used to study N(e) and population growth rate (λ) simultaneously. Simultaneous examination is important because some vital rates differ diametrically in their associations with λ and N(e). For example, in some cases increasing these vital rates increases λ and decreases N(e). We used elasticity analysis to study the effect of stage-specific survival and flowering rates on N(e), annual effective population size (N(a)), and λ in seven populations of the endangered plant Austrian dragonhead (Dracocephalum austriacum). In populations with λ ≥ 1, the elasticities of N(e) and N(a) were similar to those of λ. Survival rates of adults were associated with greater elasticities than survival rates of juveniles, flowering rates, or fecundity. In populations with λ < 1, N(e) and N(a) exhibited greater elasticities to juvenile than to adult vital rates. These patterns are similar to those observed in other species with similar life histories. We did not observe contrasting effects of any vital rate on λ and N(e); thus, management actions that increase the λ of populations of Austrian dragonhead will not increase genetic drift. Our results show that elasticity analyses of N(e) and N(a) can complement elasticity analysis of λ. Moreover, such analyses do not require more data than standard matrix models of population dynamics.     

濒危兰科植物流苏石斛的种群数量动态

运用静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了云南西双版纳地区流苏石斛两个种群——A种群(21°58′N,101°13′E,保护区之外)和B种群(21°54′N,101°17′E,保护区内)的种群数量动态.结果表明:种群存活曲线表现为Deevey-型.A、B种群均表现出幼龄个体死亡率高,中龄级个体数量少,说明中龄阶段曾受到较大的人为干扰.种群的净增长率(Ro)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)都较低,表现为衰退种群,Leslie矩阵模型分析表明在未来25年种群各龄级的个体数及种群总数均表现出持续下降趋势.种群下降可能是由于当地人为的采挖和严重的生境破碎化所导致.图2表4参16     

夏季巢湖入湖河流溶解性有机质来源及其空间变化

使用紫外-可见光吸收光谱（UV-vis）和三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法（EEM-PARAFAC）,分析了2019年夏季巢湖流域丰乐河、杭埠河、岐阳河、兆河和南淝河水体溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）的来源及其空间变化.结果表明,南淝河DOM吸收特征参数SUVA₂₅₄显著低于其它河流,而光谱斜率比S_R显著高于杭埠河,表明城市污染物径流排入降低了南淝河水体DOM的芳香性,但对其分子量影响较低.南淝河DOM荧光指数（FI）和生物源指数（BIX）大于其它河流,而腐殖化指数（HIX）低于其它河流,指示其DOM自生源高于其它河流.使用EEM-PARAFAC从河流DOM中提取出4种类腐殖质组分（C1~C4）和2种内源类蛋白荧光组分（C5、C6）,其中,类腐殖质组分包括陆源有机质（C1、C3和C4）和微生物降解产物（C2）.沿河流方向,5条河流河水溶解性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）、 a（355）和DOM荧光组分呈不同的空间变化特征,其中丰乐河、杭埠河、岐阳河和兆河DOM受农田土壤径流输入影响明显,而南淝河DOM主要受城市污染物径流和污水处理厂出水影响.     

生物覆盖层基质对垃圾填埋场甲烷氧化的影响

生物覆盖层甲烷氧化是填埋场甲烷减排的重要途径,覆盖层基质性能对其甲烷氧化能力影响较大。选用≤1mm堆肥物（1#基质）、≤1mm堆肥物＋陶粒（2^#基质）、≤1mm堆肥物＋陶粒（3#基质）、1～2mm堆肥物（4#基质）、2～3．2mm堆肥物（5#基质）等5种不同类型的生物覆盖层基质,在实验室内模拟研究填埋场生物覆盖层的甲烷生物氧化状况,旨在为筛选垃圾填埋场甲烷高效氧化的生物覆盖材料提供科学依据。试验结果表明：粒径对基质氧气传输能力的影响不明显;不同基质的甲烷氧化能力存在显著差异,纯堆肥物基质（1#、4#和5#基质）几乎没有甲烷氧化能力,堆肥物＋陶粒（1：1（v：v）的复合基质（2#、3#基质）的甲烷氧化效率高达100％。堆肥物一陶粒复合基质为甲烷氧化细菌营造了良好的环境,改善了生物覆盖层内的气体传输性能,是一种适宜的填埋场生物覆盖层基质材料。     

Determining the optimum number of increments in composite sampling

Composite sampling can be more cost effective than simple random sampling. This paper considers how to determine the optimum number of increments to use in composite sampling. Composite sampling terminology and theory are outlined and a method is developed which accounts for different sources of variation in compositing and data analysis. This method is used to define and understand the process of determining the optimum number of increments that should be used in forming a composite. The blending variance is shown to have a smaller range of possible values than previously reported when estimating the number of increments in a composite sample. Accounting for differing levels of the blending variance significantly affects the estimated number of increments.