农村环境污染控制区划方法与应用研究

针对农村环境污染发生的广域性、分散性和随机性等特征,采用清单分析法,核算了农村环境污染物COD、TN、TP排放量和排放浓度,并以环境污染敏感性评价和污染类型划分为研究基础,探讨了农村环境污染控制区划方法,提出了区划原则、分区方法和命名方法.采用上述方法,在江苏省进行了应用研究,将江苏省农村环境污染控制区共划分为3个一级区和13个二级区,对不同级区实施分区管理和分类控制,分区结果可以为农村环境污染控制决策提供科学依据.     

移动基站远场区功率密度分布和规划控制距离

为掌握畸变条件下移动通讯基站周围功率密度分布,合理确定其规划控制距离,在杭州市主城区选取具有不同网络类型和载波数的2057个移动基站,实测话务高峰期基站周围射频场功率密度.结果表明,畸变条件下GSM基站远场区功率密度S∝r-1.83 (非畸变条件下S∝r-2),决定系数R2=0.80;距基站天线20m内,约85.91%测点功率密度实测值小于非畸变条件下依据天线标称功率和增益计算的理论值.,频数统计结果表明,距天线1~15m范围内,运营商A所属基站S10值(表示有10%的测点功率密度高于该值)比运营商B高10.00%;距天线1~30m内,双网和三网共站基站S10值分别比单网基站高50.31%和57.10%.移动通讯基站规划控制距离以15m为宜,15m外测点功率密度值超过8μW/cm2的基站只占所测基站的0.11%.     

基于排污许可的环境标准制度改革完善研究

排污许可制度是固定点源环境管理的基础核心制度,政府以排污许可证为载体,对固定污染源的污染物排放限值、排污行为等进行许可,以排放标准的要求作为基本依据,并以环境质量标准为依据,对非达标区实施更为严格的排污许可限制。然而,现有的部分行业排放标准由于制定时间较早、科学技术支撑方法不足、与环境质量改善难以挂钩等问题,难以满足新排污许可证制度改革要求。本文在研究现行环境标准体系对排污许可制度的支撑作用与相互关系的基础上,研究了基于排污许可制的排放标准存在的主要问题,并以健全排污许可制度的环境标准支撑为目的,提出了现行环境标准体系的完善和修订建议。     

煤矿岗前人员不安全状态智能检测系统研究——以红柳林煤矿为例

为从根本上降低煤矿从业人员实施不安全行为的概率,在充分考虑煤矿从业人员不安全个体状态是诱发其不安全行为的主要原因的基础上,设计开发一套矿工不安全状态智能检测系统。首先,对2007—2022年期间各高危行业安全事故调查报告和专家研究进行归纳,总结得出煤矿从业人员不安全状态的影响因素,构建包括生理状态、心理状态以及个体能力状态在内的3个一级指标和15个二级指标体系;其次,通过相应的表征模型对不安全状态影响因素进行深入剖析;最后,基于构建的从业人员不安全状态倾向数据库,建立煤矿岗前不安全状态智能检测系统。研究结果表明：在下井工作前对从业人员个体状态进行智能检测,能够实现矿工不安全状态“早发现、早干预”,能够有效地降低人因事故发生率,研究结果对煤炭行业安全管理具有重要的参考价值。     

爆炸超压场景下危化品社会风险对允许规划人口密度的影响分析*

为研究危化品重大危险源基于社会风险基准的规划管控影响,采用我国标准规定的定量风险评价方法,TNT当量炸药简化方法,针对最大TNT当量炸药、事故发生总累计频率、人口密度分布控制参数等不同工况条件,对比分析国土开发强度的允许人口密度受社会风险约束影响的变化规律。研究结果表明:人口密度指数分布控制参数Nk与Nb的允许取值随最大TNT当量炸药和事故发生总累计频率降低而提高;确定工况下,允许总人口规模受最大TNT当量炸药影响很小;在最大TNT当量炸药大于100 t或事故发生总累计频率小于1×10-8次/a时可按最大事故场景进行规划控制分析。     

深埋水平岩层隧道开挖稳定性分析及控制*

针对深埋高地应力水平岩层掌子面开挖稳定性及支护结构失效问题,以大峡谷隧道为工程背景,通过现场测试、室内试验、数值模拟等方法,探究深埋高地应力水平岩层失稳机理及控制措施。研究结果表明:坚硬岩体被节理面切割后,在高地应力作用下容易发生挤压破碎,破碎岩体遇水发生软化,导致掌子面发生大范围塌方,初支和超前支护失效;隧道开挖后岩层发生不均匀沉降,浅部岩层最先发生弯折破坏,层内块体错动滑移,继而向上方岩层发展,并伴随层间分离和层内裂隙发育,最终形成宏观破裂面;提出的台阶法、2 m开挖进尺、砼喷层、双层小导管、提高初支强度的整体优化控制措施,可有效提高现场支护效果。     

Cybersecurity and dynamic operation in practice: Equipment impacts and safety guarantees

Though dynamic operation of chemical processes has been extensively explored theoretically in contexts such as economic model predictive control or even considering the potential for cyberattacks on control systems creating non-standard operating policies, important practical questions remain regarding dynamic operation. In this work, we look at two of these with particular relevance to process safety: (1) evaluating dynamic operating policies with respect to process equipment fidelity and (2) evaluating procedures for determining the parameters of an advanced control law that can promote both dynamic operation as well as safety if appropriately designed. Regarding the first topic, we utilize computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis simulations to analyze how cyberattacks on control systems could impact a metric for stress in equipment (maximum Von Mises stress) over time. Subsequently, we develop reduced-order models showing how both a process variable and maximum Von Mises stress vary over time in response to temperature variations at the boundary of the equipment, to use in evaluating how advanced control frameworks might impact and consider the stress. We close by investigating options for obtaining parameters of an economic model predictive control design that would need to meet a variety of theoretical requirements for safety guarantees to hold. This provides insights on practical safety aspects of control theory, and also indicates relationships between control and design from a safety perspective that highlight further relationships between design and control under dynamic operation to deepen perspectives from the computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis discussions.     

Experimental investigation of the performance of modified expanded graphite powder doped with zinc borate in extinguishing sodium fires

Sodium is the main cooling medium in the circuit of fourth-generation nuclear reactors, and its leakage constitutes a severe fire hazard because of its high chemical activity. In this study, expandable graphite (EG), which is a traditional sodium fire-extinguishing agent, was modified with zinc borate (ZB) as an intercalator, and the modified EG_ZB was characterized. Moreover, the effectiveness of the modified EG_ZB in extinguishing sodium fires was tested using a self-developed fire-extinguishing experimental device. This study's results indicated that EG, EG_ZB had a smaller particle size, higher thermal stability, higher fire-extinguishing speed, and lower powder mass consumption than EG. During the fire-extinguishing process, ZnO decomposed by ZB captured free radicals and inhibited the combustion reaction. Furthermore, B₂O₃ was adsorbed on the surface of the EG layer, which strengthened covering and asphyxiation. The findings of this study provide crucial information for effectively controlling fires caused by active metals and metallo-organic compounds.     

盐雾试验方墨探讨

分析了不同盐雾试验方法标准对盐溶液配制、试样的处理和检测、试验参数、试验过程控制等方面的不同要求,探讨了盐雾试验的操作技术,提出了必须严格控制盐雾试验过程的建议和不能用不同标准进行的盐雾试验结果进行比较的观点.     

珠江三角洲机动车排放控制措施协同效应分析

预测了2015年珠江三角洲机动车空气污染物和温室气体排放量,设计了6类单一控制、技术控制、结构控制以及综合控制措施的情景,并运用基准线年排放清单编制和协同效应坐标系法分析了污染物与温室气体减排的协同效应.结果表明,按目前机动车保有量增长趋势,2015年污染物和温室气体将以18%~120%的幅度增加;各控制措施下污染物和温室气体排放量均有下降,且均具有正向的协同效应,但减排的贡献差异较大.6类单一控制措施中淘汰黄标车和结构性控制措施分别对各污染物和温室气体的削减效果最明显,减排幅度均在40%以上,且正向协同效应突出,但相比其他措施,结构性控制措施实施难度大.