THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WATER REALLOCATIONS ON AGRICULTURE IN IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Economics is concerned with the allocation of resources between alternative uses. Traditionally, in the western United States, water resources have been committed to agriculture and irrigation. Other competitive uses such as power, industry, and recreation are challenging this allocation. What are the impacts of shifting water out of agriculture into other uses, is a question that needs to be given consideration. Ilia paper attempts to evaluate the tradeoff between using farm land for either irrigated or dryland production and the resulting impacts on gross farm income and the average price of land. Baaed on historical data, reducing irrigated acreage and increasing dryland acreage could greatly reduce both farm income and the equity in farming. The model presented in this paper should be useful for evaluating the tradeoffs between dryland and irrigated land use, especially when there are gat differences in productivity such as those that exist in the inter-mountain region of the Western United States.     

基于斯塔克尔伯格模型思想的超高层建筑 火灾探测器布点设计与优化

针对超高层建筑火灾探测器的优化布点问题,引入斯塔克尔伯格模型的思想,在不同长、宽空间结构内提出了一个更经济的布点方法--矩形、三角形优选法,并从布线难度、工程量及布线成本三个维度对矩形、三角形优选法进行了分析研究。     

Earthquake insurance pricing: a risk‐based approach

Flat earthquake premiums are ‘uniformly’ set for a variety of buildings in many countries, neglecting the fact that the risk of damage to buildings by earthquakes is based on a wide range of factors. How these factors influence the insurance premiums is worth being studied further. Proposed herein is a risk‐based approach to estimate the earthquake insurance rates of buildings. Examples of application of the approach to buildings located in Taipei city of Taiwan were examined. Then, the earthquake insurance rates for the buildings investigated were calculated and tabulated. To fulfil insurance rating, the buildings were classified into 15 model building types according to their construction materials and building height. Seismic design levels were also considered in insurance rating in response to the effect of seismic zone and construction years of buildings. This paper may be of interest to insurers, actuaries, and private and public sectors of insurance.     

EPC模式下ESCO激励政策设计与实施策略

EPC模式下运行离不开ESCO内在驱动,实施ESCO激励是既有建筑节能改造实践的必然要求。理清既有建筑节能改造ESCO激励政策设计的基本思路,分析ESCO市场发展不同阶段激励政策的实际需求及其演变规律,架构ESCO激励政策体系与实施流程,规划EPC模式下既有建筑节能改造ESCO激励政策实施路径设计与选择过程,提出EPC模式下ESCO激励政策实施有效性提升具体对策,以有效的激励政策调动ESCO积极行为,推动既有建筑节能改造市场健康发展。     

既有建筑节能改造市场发展协同激励实施对策

借鉴发达国家既有建筑节能改造市场激励的成功经验,解析我国既有建筑节能改造市场激励的实践过程与特征,揭示存在的问题,从激励有效性出发,提出我国既有建筑节能改造市场发展主体协同激励、阶段系统激励和要素协同激励的系统对策,以激发ESCO既有建筑节能改造市场发展的活力与内在驱动力,推动既有建筑节能改造实践进程。     

节水型建筑评价指标体系初探——以深圳居住建筑为例

面对水资源管理和利用危机,本文提出节水型建筑理论内涵和评价指标体系,以及指标权重的确定方法。它对于推动节水型建筑的应用和推广,大力推进节水型城市建设,推进循环经济建设有着积极的理论意义和现实意义。     

建筑动力学作用对近地面短历时点源污染扩散的影响

利用一次示踪剂扩散外场实验获得的数据,对城市小区尺度模式USSM在模拟短历时点源方面的能力进行了验证,结果表明USSM能较为合理地描述城区短历时点源的扩散特征。利用USSM进行了3个案例的情景模拟分析,得出结论:1)街区内建筑群的平均高度越高,建筑群之间的流场越紊乱,并且越容易形成涡旋型环流,同时建筑群之间的风速会变得越来越小。除此之外,随着建筑群平均高度的增加,受建筑群影响风场出现扰动现象的范围越大。2)建筑群平均高度的增高会显著降低街区内的扩散能力,并且这种影响可能是非线性的,当街区由小高层建筑为主变为高层建筑为主时,污染物输送扩散效率会急剧下降。     

公共建筑环境下行人行为特性及拥挤机理研究综述

介绍国内外对于公共建筑环境下行人行为特性及拥挤机理方面的研究成果,主要包括:自由流情况下的行人运动速度,人群运动的最佳密度,行人的年龄、文化、性别、退让距离、温度、旅行目的、运动方向和建筑设施类型对行人流速度和流量的影响,以及行人流的密度和速度关系。成果显示:各国学者在人群的速度、密度和流量之间的相互关系方面研究较多,所得的结论趋于一致;但对于影响行人流速度和流量的各种因素并没有进行深入的研究,尤其是拥挤情况下行人的心理状态和拥挤事故的相互关系。     

Evaluation of alternative water sources for commercial buildings: A case study in Brisbane,Australia

Commercial buildings are central to cities and contribute significantly to the urban demand for natural resources, including freshwater. Green building benchmarking tools include more efficient water use as key indicator of sustainability. This paper explores options for substituting mains drinking water with an alternative, non-potable water source on a fit for purpose basis. The research findings are based on a monitoring study of a commercial building in Brisbane, Australia that is harvesting rainwater for meeting non-potable water demand. The results demonstrated that the system is only achieving moderate reliability in meeting demand due to operational problems. The case study analysis has highlighted the need to include validation and monitoring to ensure the system is operating as per design intent. The paper also investigates the potential of other local, non-potable water sources for high-rise commercial buildings, in particular air conditioning condensate and groundwater inflow to a basement wet well. The paper concludes by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different local water sources which highlights the need to undertake a site specific investigation to identify a suitable alternative water source, which considers O&M complexity and the capacity of facilities management.