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21.
Agnieszka J. Bednarska Ryszard Laskowski 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(5):1597-1602
The wide geographical distribution of ground beetles Pterostichus oblongopunctatus makes them very likely to be exposed to several environmental stressors at the same time. These could include both climatic stress and exposure to chemicals. Our previous studies demonstrated that the combined effect of nickel (Ni) and chlorpyrifos (CHP) was temperature (T)-dependent in adult P. oblongopunctatus. Frequently the different developmental stages of an organism are differently sensitive to single stressors, and for a number of reasons, such as differences in exposure routes, their interactions may also take different forms. Because of this, we studied the effects of the same factors on the beetle larvae. The results showed that all factors, as well as their interactions, influenced larvae survival. The synergistic effect of Ni and CPF was temperature-dependent and the effect of Ni × T interaction on the proportion of emerged imagines indicated stronger toxicity of Ni at 25 °C than at 10 °C. 相似文献
22.
Milani Y. Chaloupka 《Environmental management》1985,9(5):393-398
Marine product collecting permits are useful management tools for providing information on usage patterns. Unfortunately, usage parameters based on permit issuance are invariably inaccurate because of permit noncompliance. Since noncompliance is a prosecutable offense, any attempt to estimate the rate of noncompliance by direct survey techniques is met with misleading and evasive responses. It has been shown elsewhere that randomized response designs reduce survey response bias to incriminating questions by ensuring respondent anonymity. With the use of the randomized response survey technique, estimates of permit noncompliance were determined for the Capricornia Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Noncompliance with the requirement to obtain the prescribed permit was found to be low whereas, once a permit was obtained, noncompliance with specific permit conditions was considered high. Reasons for the high rate of noncompliance with specific conditions are presented, and it is recommended that marine park managers should not unreservedly base management decisions on usage data derived simply from permit issuance. 相似文献
23.
Michael Pacione 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1985,28(2):65-69
Government responses to the problems of the inner city currently focus on comprehensive programmes of positive discrimination. The first and most extensive is the G.E.A.R. project in Glasgow. Regular monitoring of the effectiveness of such large‐scale initiatives is essential. If the physical and social aims of such policies are to be realised, assessments must utilise both objective and subjective indicators. 相似文献
24.
A “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI) resulting from an environmental assessment (EA) was reported by the US Army in
June 1986 for the construction and utilization of a multipurpose range complex (MPRC) at the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii.
There was little public response, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service and state agencies were consulted and had few comments
concerning the results of the botanical surveys used in the assessment. Construction of the $24 million project was begun
in 1988. Near the end of construction in 1989 a lawsuit was filed to halt construction because an environmental impact statement
(EIS) had not been done for the project, and the plaintiff thought that significant damage had occurred to several unusual
ecosystems. Judgment was against the plaintiff and construction continued. An appeal was filed with the 9th Circuit Court.
As MPRC construction was nearly complete, and on advice of Department of Justice lawyers, the Department of Army agreed to
settle out of court. The settlement in part called for: (1) the plaintiff to drop the appeal and allow construction to be
completed as scheduled, and (2) the Department of Army to prepare an EIS for the operation of the MPRC. A subsequent botanical
survey for the EIS discovered one endangered plant species, four category 1 candidate plant species (taxa with sufficient
data to support listing as endangered or threatened), three category 2 candidate plant species (taxa with some evidence of
vulnerability but insufficient data to support listing at this time), one category 3a species (presumably extinct taxa), and
possibly three undescribed species growing within the MPRC boundary. The MPRC case study is an excellent example of why the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must be modified to require in-depth and thorough environmental surveys. 相似文献
25.
Prey often adopt antipredator strategies to reduce the likelihood of predation. In the presence of predators, prey may use antipredator strategies that are effective against a single predator (specific) or that are effective against several predators (nonspecific). Most studies have been confined to single predator environments although prey are often faced with multiple predators. When more than one predator is present, specific antipredator behaviours can conflict and avoidance of one predator may increase vulnerability to another. To test how prey cope with this dilemma, I recorded the behaviours of lizards responding to the nonlethal cues of a bird and snake presented singly and simultaneously. Lizards use specific and conflicting antipredator tactics when confronted with each predator, as evidenced by refuge use. However, when both predators were present, lizards refuge use was the same as in the predator-free environment, indicating that they abandoned refuge use as a primary mechanism for predator avoidance. In the presence of both predators, they reduced their overall movement and time spent thermoregulating. This shift in behaviour may represent a compromise to minimize overall risk, following a change in predator exposure. This provides evidence of plasticity in lizard antipredator behaviour and shows that prey responses to two predators cannot be accurately predicted from what is observed when only one predator is present.Communicated by W. Cooper 相似文献
26.
This study developed a noise prediction model for elevated mass rapid transit (MRT) platforms. Relevant physical and operational parameters (e.g. cruise speed, acceleration and deceleration rates for trains, building fa?ade setbacks and so on) were collected from the Bangkok mass transit system (BTS), the first elevated MRT system operated in Bangkok, Thailand. The equivalent continuous sound pressure levels (L(Aeq)) were collected from both sides of the MRT stations at the center of each platform. The relevant parameters were collected on both platforms and ground level, on both sides of MRT stations. These parameters were statistically tested to determine their correlation with MRT noise. The final model was built from highly correlated parameters using multiple regression analysis with a stepwise regression technique. Statistical evaluation showed a high degree of goodness-of-fit test for the model to the observed data. Therefore, it can be efficiently used for the projection of MRT noise in the affected areas. 相似文献
27.
This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators adapted for a
particular forest management unit. The methods include: ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. These methods were used
in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their
expert opinions and judgements in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I) on the one hand, and how suitable and
applicable they are to a forest management unit on the other. A forest concession located in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was used
as the site for the case study. Results from the study show that the multicriteria methods are effective tools that can be
used as structured decision aids to evaluate, prioritize, and select sets of C&I for a particular forest management unit.
Ranking and rating approaches can be used as a screening tool to develop an initial list of C&I. Pairwise comparison, on the
other hand, can be used as a finer filter to further reduce the list. In addition to using these three MCA methods, the study
also examines two commonly used group decision-making techniques, the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Feedback
received from the participants indicates that the methods are transparent, easy to implement, and provide a convenient environment
for participatory decision-making. 相似文献
28.
Compliance and Emissions Trading under the Kyoto Protocol: Rules for Uncertain Inventories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zbigniew Nahorski Joanna Horabik Matthias Jonas 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(4-5):539-558
A solution is proposed for proving compliance with emission targets and for emissions trading in the event of uncertainties
in reported emission inventories. The solution is based on the undershooting concept, from which the mathematical conditions
for both proving compliance with a risk α and calculating effective emissions for trading are derived. Based on the reported emission units, the number of permits
granted is reduced in proportion to the uncertainty in the inventory. A country whose inventory has higher uncertainty is
thereby allotted fewer permits than a country with the same inventory but smaller uncertainty. 相似文献
29.
In this article we critically examine the ‘integration imperative’ in transdisciplinary environmental science and build on social constructivist and political theories to suggest alternative approaches of knowledge co-production in transdisciplinary settings. Our argument builds upon a body of literature in social studies of science to cull insights about knowledge co-production, social learning, and the ecology of team science, particularly as it relates to climate change adaptation. Couched in this transdisciplinary literature, we demonstrate, is the assumption that integration necessarily can and should be a regulative ideal. We critique this assumption by examining the ‘messy’ politics of achieving consensus among radically different, and sometimes irreconcilable, ways of knowing. We argue that the integration imperative conceals the friction, antagonism, and power inherent in knowledge co-production, which in turn can exclude innovative and experimental ways of understanding and adapting to climate change. By way of conclusion, the final section explores three alternative models of knowledge co-production – triangulation, the multiple evidence-based approach, and scenario building – and illustrates their application in the context of transdisciplinary research in climate change adaptation in the arctic, focusing on alternative means of cross-boundary engagement with indigenous ways of knowing. 相似文献
30.
Jingjing Zhang Lei Tong Chenghui Peng Huiling Zhang Zhongwen Huang Jun He Hang Xiao 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2019,31(3):372-382
Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo. 相似文献