碳氮比对分段进水生物脱氮的影响

探讨了6组不同的碳氮比(C/N)对分段进水生物脱氮工艺中进水流量分配、每一段中缺氧区好氧区容积比以及脱氮效率的影响.将进水总氮浓度恒定为42mg/L(凯氏氮浓度为40mg/L),以比较出水总氮浓度.结果表明,在一定C/N条件下,通过调整进水流量分配和每一段缺氧区与好氧区容积比可达到高于95%的总氮去除率.同时污泥体积指数也会随着进水流量分配系数的升高而增大.出水总氮浓度主要是由进水流量分配所决定,每一段中缺氧区好氧区的容积比影响不大.     

象山港海域N、P污染特征及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据2002年4～9月份象山港海域表层海水N、P营养盐监测基础资料,分析探讨了象山港海域在赤潮多发期N、P污染的时空变化特征,并利用潜在性富营养化评价模式,对整个象山港海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：在赤潮多发期,象山港海域水质N、P污染严重,表层海水DIN指标数倍于Ⅳ类海水最大允许值,明显呈现高N、低P的污染特征;由于受港湾季节性生态环境的演变和陆源径流的影响,象山港海域N、P污染存在明显的空间分异和时间变化特征。NO2-N含量也会因硝化细菌活动的加剧而增加;潜在性富营养化评价结果表明：在赤潮多发期,整个象山港海域由于P的限制,总体上处于潜在性富营养化阶段。     

油菜地CO2、N2O排放及其影响因素

2005年11月至2006年5月采用静态箱法对成都平原典型水稻 - 油菜轮作区油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量进行原位测定.结果表明,CO2排放通量为121.4～1 585.8 mg·m-2·h-1,平均656.8 mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量为18.0～521.0 μg·m-2·h-1,平均168.0 μg·m-2·h-1.在整个油菜生长期内,地下5 cm土壤温度与CO2、N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系.3种不同处理油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量均为常规处理＞无氮处理＞裸地处理.土壤温度、施氮和植物生长是影响油菜地CO2、N2O排放的主要因素.     

植物对沼泽湿地生态系统N2O排放的影响

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法连续3个生长季(2003-2005年)对三江平原小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽N2O排放通量进行野外对比观测试验.结果表明,植物不同生长阶段对湿地生态系统N2O排放通量的影响不尽相同.植物的参与促进了湿地生态系统N2O的排放,2003-2005年生长季小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统N2O排放通量分别是土壤表观N2O排放通量的1.58倍、2.09倍和2.34倍,同期毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统N2O排放通量分别是土壤表观N2O排放通量的1.86倍、1.50倍和1.33倍.3个生长季小叶章草甸N2O排放通量均大于毛果苔草沼泽,这主要是由土壤理化性质的空间变异性以及水文情况的差异造成的.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Field-scale modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils amended with urban waste composts

Composting has emerged as a valuable route for the disposal of urban waste, with the prospect of applying composts on arable fields as organic amendments. Proper management of urban waste composts (UWC) requires a capacity to predict their impacts on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the field, an issue in which simulation models are expected to play a prominent role.Here, we used a deterministic soil-crop model to simulate C–N dynamics in an arable field amended with three types of UWC (green waste and sludge, biodegradable waste, and solid waste), and a reference amendment (farmyard manure). The model is a version of CERES in which the soil C–N module was substituted with the NCSOIL model, whose microbiological parameters were determined from either laboratory incubation data or biochemical fractionation in a previous paper. CERES was tested against data from a field trial set up in 1998 in the Paris area, and managed as a maize (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation. Comparison of observed and simulated data over the first 4 years of the field trial showed that CERES predicted the soil moisture and inorganic N dynamics reasonably well, as well as the variations in soil organic C. In particular, the parameterization of UWC organic matter from biochemical fractions achieved a similar fit as the parameterization based on incubation data. Wheat yields were also correctly predicted, but a systematic under-estimation of maize yields pointed at an under-estimation of spring and summer mineralization of N by CERES.Simulated N fluxes showed that the organic amendments induced an additional leaching ranging from 1 to 8 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, which can be related to the initial mineral N content of the amendments. After 4 years, the composts had mineralized 3–8% of their initial organic N content, depending on their stability. Composts with slower N release had higher N availability for the crops. CERES could thus be used to aid in selecting the timing of compost application, in relation to its stability, based on both environmental and agronomical criteria.     

城市污泥有机氮矿化动态及其影响因素的研究

采用好气培养间歇淋洗法研究了厌气消化脱水污泥的有机氮矿化动态．在污泥用量为３％—２４％范围内，污泥有机氮１４周矿化率可达３１％—６５％，前６周矿化相对较快，随后减慢，其矿化动态可用经典一级动力学方程来描述．污泥用量小于６％时，随污泥用量增加，有机氮矿化率明显减小；污泥用量在６％—２４％时，污泥用量对有机氮矿化率的影响较小，但温度对有机氮矿化率影响相当明显．     

Application of Neomysis awatschensis as a standard marine toxicity test organism in China

The small mysid crustacean Neomysis awatschensis was collected in the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China in 1992 and acclimated and cultured in laboratory conditions since then. Standard acute toxicity tests using 4--6 d juvenile mysids of this species were conducted and the results were compared with Mysidopsis bahia, a standard toxicity test organism used in the US in terms of their sensitivities to reference toxins, as well as their taxonomy, morphology and geographic distributions. Because of its wide distribution along the Chinese coast, similar sensitivity to pollutants as M. bahia, short life history, small size and the ease of handling, this study intended to use N-awatschensis as one of the standard marine organisms for toxicity testing in China. The species were applied to acute toxicity evaluations of drilling fluid and its additives, organotin TPT and toxic algae, and to chronic (life cycle) toxicity assays of organotin TPT and a toxic dinofalgellate Alexandrium tamarense, respectively. Using N. awatschensis as a standard toxicity testing organism in marine pollution assment in China is suegested.     

用醌式染料的合成反应光度法测定水中亚硝酸根

研究了以Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基苯胺为偶联试剂，利用醌式染料的合成反应测定ＮＯ２＾－的新方法，ＮＯ２＾－在０￣１８．０μｇ／２５．０ｍＬ范围内服从比尔定律，方法具有较高的灵敏度和选择性。试剂及醌式染料具有更高的稳定性，且无试剂空白的影响，用于环境水中ＮＯ２＾－的测定，其结果与其他方法的测定结果一致。