沟渠系统氮、磷输出特征研究

通过对水稻种植期内农业源头沟渠中氮、磷的输出进行长期测定,研究了沟渠系统氮、磷的输出特征及其迁移转化规律. 结果表明:试验期间,沟渠系统输出的ρ(总氮)最大值为4.00 mg/L,氮输出的主要形态为氨氮和硝氮,ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝氮)的最大值分别为3.00和1.83 mg/L;磷输出的主要形态为可溶性磷酸盐,ρ(总磷)和ρ(可溶性磷酸盐)的最大值达1.00 mg/L. 灌溉一段时间后,氮、磷的输出呈单调递减变化;降雨后,由于流失方式的变化,氮的输出逐渐增加,2～3 d后才有所降低,而可溶性磷酸盐无大的流失. 沟渠系统中不同断面对氮、磷的截留转化作用相似. 其中,ρ(总磷)单调递减;ρ(总氮)和ρ(氨氮)在灌溉后随时间逐渐降低,降雨后其随时间虽有所增加,但最终趋势是降低的.      

降解水源氨氮的高效菌株及组合筛选

通过实验证实,无论采用何种来源的硝化菌、亚硝化菌、芽孢杆菌、假单孢菌接种于广州市西村水厂水源水中,均可降解氨氮,其去除率为40．0％－94．5％,在降解氨氮过程中,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量有的增加,有的减少,但增加的均未超过GB3838－88规定标准,不会影响水的质量。     

C/N比调控污泥厌氧发酵产酸的数学模型研究

采用改进粒子群算法对ADM1模型中的关键参数进行了估计,经敏感性分析,确定了Monod最大比吸收速率、半饱和值、产物对底物的产率等3种参数对产酸速率具有较大影响.应用修正后的动力学参数对ADM1模型在不同C/N比调控下污泥厌氧发酵产酸结果进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟产酸数据和实测数据误差较小,说明修正后的ADM1模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对产酸的影响.     

后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺处理低C/N城市污水

为处理低碳源生活污水,以内碳源反硝化途径为出发点,开发了后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺.该工艺仅在UCT分段进水最后一好氧段末端增加了后置缺氧环节,以强化微生物内碳源储存能力.在低C/N水平（平均进水C/N=3.1±1.5）的生活污水条件下,后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺实现了平均75.3%的TN去除率,运行61d后同步硝化反硝化去除的氮量高达31.5%;运行40d后污泥内碳源储存水平比原工艺污泥提高12.2%,9小时比内源反硝化速率由零提高至5.56mgN/（gVSS×d）,系统可通过好氧段同步硝化内源反硝化（SNED）提高TN去除率.污泥沉降性能有明显改善：SVI值由350mL/g降至97mL/g,而原UCT分段进水工艺污泥仍然膨胀.该工艺仅在原工艺基础上增加了一后置缺氧段,无需外加碳源和额外硝化液回流设施,有利于水厂升级改造.     

流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷估算

流溪河水库作为广州市最重要的水源地之一,其水环境质量受到广泛关注. 利用基于SCS模型的污染负荷输出,对流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷进行估算. 结果表明:流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷为384.31 t/a,溶解态磷污染负荷为20.68 t/a.其中氮贡献最大的为林地,占50.93%;其次为园地,占18.10%.磷贡献最大的亦为林地,占49.22%;其次为旱地,占15.85%.溶解态氮单位面积污染负荷道路最高,为50.57 kg/(hm2·a);其次是水田,为33.60 kg/(hm2·a).而溶解态磷单位面积污染负荷最大是水田,为3.43 kg/(hm2·a);其次是道路,为3.19 kg/(hm2·a). 与水库流域颗粒态氮磷污染负荷比较表明,溶解态氮大于颗粒态氮,氮以溶解态迁移为主;溶解态磷则小于颗粒态磷,但由于颗粒态磷易随泥沙受阻或沉降,溶解态磷对水库水质的影响依然是总磷关注的重点.      

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m^-3·d^-1 during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m^-3·d^-1 and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.     

岷江干旱河谷灌木幼苗的土壤养分适应性研究

岷江上游干旱河谷地区的植被恢复是目前急需解决的问题,小马鞍羊蹄甲（Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla）是干旱河谷地区的优势乡土灌木,并作为当地植被恢复过程中的重要备选物种,因而进行小马鞍羊蹄甲种群在土壤贫瘠的干旱河谷的养分限制研究十分必要。针对性地进行施肥将影响到小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗存活、生长和定殖,而如何有效提高该物种的存活和生长速率对于干旱河谷植被恢复将具有重要的意义。采用野外调查与模拟实验相结合的方法,分别研究了干旱河谷地区3个典型群落（干旱河谷的核心区——飞虹,干旱河谷灌丛与亚高山森林的过渡区——北部的石大关、干旱河谷灌丛与温性森林的过渡区——南部的蓝新镇）中小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗叶片的化学计量特征,和施肥试验[w（有效氮）分别为100、280、460 mg·kg–1、w（有效磷）分别为12、24、48 mg·kg–1、w（氮）分别为40、70、100 mg·kg–1、w（磷）分别为12和24 mg·kg–1]中叶片化学计量特征及幼苗生长参数（叶片数、基径和株高）和各器官（根茎叶）生物量。结果表明：在野外各演替阶段的小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生物量和营养元素质量分数都随着磷肥的增加而增加,表明磷素是植物生长的限制因子,同时N∶P比均大于16,也暗示其受到P养分的限制;在室内施肥试验中,施加N肥没有促进小马鞍羊蹄甲生物量的积累,反而抑制了幼苗生长;施加P肥促进了幼苗生物量的积累,表明幼苗缺乏P元素,养分限制类型为P限制。     

潮汐作用下短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放规律及踩踏干扰研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱及浮箱-气相色谱法,对闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地潮间带短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis var.brevifolius）湿地和踩踏造成的裸露湿地N2O通量进行测定。结果表明,短叶茳芏湿地在涨潮前、涨落潮中和落潮后N2O通量差异性极显著（P=0.001〈0.01）,不同潮日（7 d内）的N2O通量差异性不显著（P=0.103〉0.05）。涨潮前、涨落潮过程中和落潮后,短叶茳芏湿地平均通量分别为19.48μg.m-2.h-1、12.80μg.m-2.h-1和51.41μg.m-2.h-1,总平均通量为33.1μg.m-2.h-1,表明白天短叶茳芏湿地为N2O的排放源。涨潮前,末次观测短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量最低,多数都为负值,落潮后过2~3 h,短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量出现日最大值。踩踏改变了短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量规律并降低了短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量。涨潮前,裸露湿地N2O平均排放量（27.25μg.m-2.h-1）低于短叶茳芏湿地（42.51μg.m-2.h-1）,但差异性不显著（P=0.527〉0.05）;落潮后,裸露湿地N2O平均排放量（0.86μg.m-2.h-1）极显著低于短叶茳芏湿地（63.59μg.m-2.h-1）（P=0.006〈0.01）。     

土壤中硫化物预处理方法的改进

通过对土壤中硫化物测定预处理方法━━━━氮气吹气法的试验装置、预处理酸度、温度、吹气时间及载气速度等条件的研究和改进。以多孔吹球代替单孔吹管 ,在土壤的水溶液中加入NaOH、EDTA和Vc ,以NaOH -EDTA -TEA(三乙醇胺)代替Zn(Ac)2-NaAc为吸收液 ,并采取了逐步加压吹气方法 ,通过对回收率、精密度及底泥对比试验 ,效果提高显著 ,回收率由原方法的40%～60 %提高到90 %以上 ,吹气时间缩短了20 % ,装置简单 ,便于推广应用。     

ESTABLISHING POLLUTANT LOAD REDUCTION TARGETS FOR THE INIIAN RWER LAGOON,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT. Establishment of seagrass‐based pollutant load reduction targets is a major aim of water quality management in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) estuary. It is believed that light and water clarity are the limiting factors affecting seagrass abundance and distribution in the Lagoon. Thus, targeted reductions of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and for suspended sediments should achieve desired seagrass coverage goals. On an annual average, the Lagoon is receiving external loadings of 5,346, 771, and 54,408 metric tons per year of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Most of the loadings are stormwater generated; thus, implementation of reduction targets will key in on major urban and agricultural stormwater systems. The process of developing targets requires the establishment of light requirements for seagrass. Two methods are being employed to develop such targets. One method is the application of a predictive, 3‐D model that accounts for the essential interactive processes of the Lagoon: hydrology, hydrodynamics, water quality, nutrient uptake/release, seagrass growth rates, and light attenuation. The other method is based simply on the comparison of loading rates between a developed sub‐basin with associated seagrass impacts and an undeveloped sub‐basin with adjacent healthy seagrass coverages. The latter method will provide the initial and preliminary targets that can be tested, confirmed, or modified by application of the 3‐D model.