Enhancement of turbulent scalar mixing and its application by a multihole nozzle in selective catalytic reduction of NOx

The mixing characteristics of a passive scalar in the turbulent flow of a selective catalytic reduction process were numerically and experimentally investigated, focusing especially on an injection nozzle with multiple holes for the reducing agent. The multihole injection nozzle studied has six holes that are perpendicular to the ambient flue gas flow and are located near the tip of the nozzle. Large eddy simulation was applied to the turbulent flow and mixing fields to elucidate the mixing mechanism of the proposed nozzle compared with the single-hole nozzle that is commonly used in the conventional selective catalytic reduction process. From the results, there exist broader regions of higher turbulent intensities for the multihole nozzle than for the conventional single-hole nozzle. These regions are well matched with the positions of high vorticity in the near upstream region of the jet flow issuing from the multiple holes of the nozzle. Consequently, the high turbulent intensities and vorticity magnitudes lead to intensified mixing between the flue gas and the reducing agent. Hence, the most suitable molar ratio between NOx and the reducing agent for the catalytic reaction can be easily obtained within a shorter physical mixing length as a result of the enhanced scalar mixing. Finally, the numerical results were applied to a trial design version of a multihole nozzle, and this nozzle was experimentally tested to confirm its mixing performance.     

大气光化学烟雾反应机理比较(Ⅰ)O3和NOx的比较

在相同初始和排放条件下,对四种应用较广的光化学烟雾反应机理(CB4-99,RADM2,RACM,SAPRC99)进行了比较.研究发现对于O3,在低VOCs/NOx时,四种机理模拟结果相关较小,平均相对标准偏差为7%,在高VOCs/NOx时,平均相对标准偏差为26%,差距较大;对于NOx,多数情况下RACM和RADM2的模拟结果较高,CB4-99和SAPRC99的模拟值偏低,其原因主要来源于不同机理中O3的生成对NOx及VOCs的敏感性不同而造成的.在用模式模拟O3和NOx时,应特别注意机理不同而带来的模拟结果差异.     

Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition, Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO_x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^-9 cm³ s^-1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO_x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO_x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235-460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO_x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

低NOx燃烧技术

介绍了锅炉燃烧中降低NOx的主要措施和几种国内外主要低NOx燃烧技术的脱硝原理.发展低NOx燃烧技术,对环境保护具有重大意义.     

飞机氮氧化物排放指数计算方法研究

飞机发动机的噪声和氮氧化物排放已成为日益严重的环境问题,对人类和生态环境的影响越来越严重。自国际民航组织颁布国际民航公约附件16《第Ⅰ卷航空器噪声》和《第Ⅱ卷航空发动机排放物》以来,为控制航空器发动机排放物污染,特别是氮氧化物污染,国际民航组织一直在研究更加严格的发动机排放物限制标准,以减少航空活动中飞机发动机对人类和环境的影响。以实例的形式列举了B787-800在4个阶段氮氧化物排放指数(EINOx)的计算过程,可为我国大飞机氮氧化物排放适航标准提供信息参考。     

空气氧化解吸NO络合吸收产物试验研究

Fe(Ⅱ) EDTA易被氧化为对NO无吸收能力的Fe(Ⅲ)EDTA,为实现Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA的循环使用,提出了Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合吸收-空气氧化解吸-铁屑还原再生组合脱除NO新工艺.采用空气氧化解吸络合吸收产物Fe(Ⅱ) EDTA (NO)中NO的方法,研究了温度及压力对Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA(NO)空气氧化解吸过程的影响.结果表明,0.4 MPa、333K为较优的解吸条件.该工艺可循环脱除NO,成本低、效率高,能有效回收NO2资源.     

Impacts of emissions and meteorological changes on China’s ozone pollution in the warm seasons of 2013 and 2017

O₃ increment is mainly caused by changes in meteorology rather than emissions. Emission reduction is effective to reduce O₃ nationwide, especially in summer. Strengthened NO_x controls are necessary to meet the ambient O₃ standard. We have quantified the impacts of anthropogenic emissions reductions caused by the Air Pollution Control Action Plan and changes in meteorological fields between 2013 and 2017 on the warm-season O₃ concentration in China using a regional 3D chemical transport model. We found that the impact on daily maximum eight-hour (MDA8) O₃ concentration by the meteorological variation that mostly increased O₃ was greater than that from emission reduction, which decreased O₃. Specifically, the control measures implemented since 2013 in China have reduced SO₂, NO_x, PM_2.5, and VOC emissions by 33%, 25%, 30%, and 4% in 2017, while NH₃ emissions have increased by 7%. The changes in anthropogenic emissions lowered MDA8 O₃ by 0.4–3.7 ppb (0.8%–7.6%, varying by region and month), although MDA8 O₃ was increased slightly in some urban areas (i.e. North China) at the beginning/end of warm seasons. Relative to 2013, the average 2 m temperature in 2017 shows increments in North, North-east, East, and South China (0.34℃–0.83℃) and decreases in Central China (0.24℃). The average solar radiation shows increments in North, North-east, and South China (7.0–9.7 w/m²) and decreases in Central, South-west, and North-west China (4.7–10.3 w/m²). The meteorological differences significantly change MDA8 O₃ by -3.5–8.5 ppb (-8.2%–18.8%) with large temporal variations. The average MDA8 O₃ was slightly increased in North, North-east, East, and South China. The response surface model suggests that the O₃ formation regime transfers from NO_x-saturated in April to NO_x-limited in July on average in China.     

配置SCR的柴油货车道路运行NOx排放分析

为了研究重型柴油货车在不同道路运行工况下的NO_x排放特性,以一辆配置选择催化还原(Selective CatalyticReduction,SCR)净化系统的国V排放标准的重型柴油货车为研究对象,开展实际道路运行车载排放测试,通过车载排放测试系统实时采集车辆行驶速度、NO_x排放体积分数与排气温度等数据,分析车速、排气温度、路况等对NO_x排放的影响。结果表明,车速低于40 km/h,NO_x排放随车速增大稍有增加; 40～70 km/h,随车速增大NO_x排放降低;高于70 km/h,随车速增大NO_x排放显著降低。车速与排气温度呈线性正相关,排气温度高于150℃,SCR才能显示出对NO_x的净化效果。市区工况车速低,排温低于150℃,SCR不能有效工作;市郊、高速工况下排温高于150℃,SCR催化效率提高,车速增大,排温升高,NO_x排放降低,因此NO_x排放市郊工况低于市区工况,高速工况低于市郊工况。配置SCR的重型柴油货车NO_x高排放区主要集中在中低车速、加速区间内。     

温度对等离子体与催化剂结合脱除Nox的影响

考察了温度对介质阻挡放电和CuZSM-5催化剂"一段法"结合脱除氮氧化物(NOx)的影响.实验表明,在250℃和300℃时,对于NO/N2,NO/O2/N2和 NO/C2H4/N2三个体系,"一段法"脱除NOx的活性都相对较低.在NO/O2/C2H4/N2体系中,250℃介质阻挡放电和CuZSM-5结合脱除NOx产生了明显的协同效应.在300℃,等离子体对脱除NOx起负作用.相对低温(150℃)时,等离子体的促进作用很小.电学实验表明,当反应温度由25℃升至450℃,"一段法"体系的李萨如(Lissajous)图形由平行四边形(25℃)逐渐变为椭圆形(450℃),表明较高温度时催化剂的介电性质发生了变化.原位发射光谱证明在不同温度下,"一段法"体系中等离子体气相产生的活性物种数量明显不同.     

郑州大气氮氧化物污染与灰色分析

通过对郑州市大气中NOx的监测和分析，初步揭示了NOx变化的规律。同时，运用灰色关联度分析，定量地分析了影响郑州市NOx变化的因素。并建立了该市的NOx产生量的GM（1，1）预测模型。结果表明：（1）影响NOx污染的主要因子是家庭用气普及率；（2）NOx在大气中的浓度呈逐年下降的趋势，2002年预测值为0.043mg/m^3。