我国交通事故分析与控制对策研究

在分析我国交通事故现状及原因的基础上,利用安全系统工程的原理,提出了控制交通事故的基本对策。     

Major accident prevention and management of information systems security in technology-based work processes

The oil and gas industry in Norway has taken into use and is developing ICT-based work processes to improve efficiency and safety. Protection of information resources and technology; ensuring safe and secure processing of information; and ensuring reliable and safe flow of information is essential for both production and protection in such ICT-intensive organizations. Information systems security (IS) thus matters for major accident prevention. In the ICT-based work processes in the oil and gas industry new challenges for IS security occur related to: increased need for availability and integrity of information; merge of process safety systems and ICT-systems; manual use of information resources; and flow of information between distributed actors. These challenges imply new requirements for IS management: More focus on availability and integrity as protection principles; resilience-based approaches as a supplement to formal management approaches; validation of information flows; and integration of loss prevention approaches.     

基于灰色关联分析的车辆交通事故规律研究

针对车辆交通事故统计数据少、事故原因划分模糊等特点,运用灰色系统理论思想,建立车辆交通事故灰色关联分析模型。根据车辆交通事故起数、死亡人数、受伤人数与各事故原因之间的灰色关联度,计算车辆交通事故因素关联序,确定车辆交通事故各原因的重要程度。分析影响车辆交通事故的最优支配因素,并据此研究车辆交通事故规律。研究结果表明,部队汽车驾驶员交通违法是造成车辆交通事故的主要原因,违法违纪成为制约车辆安全管理的一个重点和难点问题。     

典型耦合优化算法在源项反演中的对比研究

突发大气污染事故中,污染源的快速、准确确定是应急处置的基础.为研究有效的源项评估方法,本文基于美国草原外场SO₂释放实验,利用GA-PSO、GA-NM、PSO-NM 3种耦合算法,分别与高斯点源烟羽扩散模型结合,对源强和位置等污染源参数进行反演与对比,并从算法结构与大气扩散条件方面进行反演效果差异分析.结果表明,从源强反演角度看,PSO-NM反演结果的准确性最高、稳定性最强,平均误差（11.3%）与平均标准偏差（0.7g/s）明显低于GA-NM（16.4%、13.3g/s）与GA-PSO（29.0%、26.6g/s）.从位置反演角度看,PSO-NM的反演结果最为稳定,反演的平均标准偏差（0.29m）明显低于GA-NM（3.20m）与GA-PSO（3.03m）算法;在不稳定和中性扩散条件下,PSO-NM算法的位置反演准确性最高,误差为4.97m;但在稳定扩散条件下,GA-NM的位置反演误差（7.69m）最小.从反演效率角度看,PSO-NM与GA-NM反演时间最短,更适用于污染源的快速确定.     

Work-Related Accidents Among Young Workers in Finland

The aim of this study was to discover accident factors specific to young workers, using two accident data sets gathered at the same time but with different methods. The first data set consisted of 99 serious occupational accidents, which occured in Southern Finland in 1988 and 1989. The second data set was based on the interview study of over 13,000 people of whom 792 were involved in an accident at work. Both data sets showed consistently that the accident frequency of young workers was higher than that of older workers. The accidents of young workers, however, were less severe. Young accident victims hurt themselves more often when feeding or cleaning machines. Incautiousness contributed more often to accidents of young workers. In order to prevent occupational accidents of young workers, companies should introduce training programmes for new employees.     

Multivariate Analysis of Motorcycle Accidents and the Effects of Exclusive Motorcycle Lanes in Malaysia

This paper presents a multivariate analysis on the impact of the exclusive motorcycle lane on motorcycle accidents along the Federal Highway Route 2, Malaysia. A number of statistical models have been developed to explain the relationship of motorcycle accidents and explanatory variables relevant to motorcycle safety. The best model showed that motorcycle accidents are directly proportional to the cubic power of traffic flow and reduced by approximately 39% with the motorcycle lane. A clear benefit of this lane is observed when the traffic flow exceeds 15,000 vehicles per day per lane for motorcycle proportion of between 20% and 30%. Besides supporting the notion for motorcycle segregation, this finding provides an initial guideline on the warrants for an exclusive motorcycle lane for highly motorcycled countries in Asia.     

工伤保险中行业风险分类指标研究

简要介绍部分国家工伤保险差别费率情况;通过对相关数据的分析,提出我国工伤保险差别费率分类应以行业工伤事故死亡风险、重伤和轻伤风险、职业病风险和基金支出情况为指标和依据,尤其不能忽视行业轻伤和职业病风险指标;计算了我国近几年各行业工伤事故的个人死亡风险。建议:增加行业风险类别和工伤保险费率差距范围;完善工伤事故、职业病和工伤保险统计指标体系;工伤保险基金应加大对预防、康复、科研、教育培训工作的投入。     

一切建筑事故都是可以预防的

通过分析建筑事故的种类及其成因,以及建筑事故与自然现象和人为因素之间的关系,论证了建筑生产企业中的人因事故是可以预防的,而且通过预测预报、预警预防、应急救援、加固改造等手段,尤其是采取合理规划选址、避开地震发生区进行建设开发等有效、合理的技术措施,自然原因造成的环境类建筑事故如地震灾害等也是可以预防的。无论从建筑事故发生的原因角度出发,还是从建筑事故的性质特点角度出发,建筑事故适合用分析和拓扑理论进行研究,用因子分析法,结合指标分析和拓扑理论,可以得出一切建筑事故都是可以预防的结论。     

浅谈ITS技术在危险化学品公路运输过程中的应用

公路运输已成为危险化学品运输的主要方式之一,但危险化学品在公路运输过程中由于不确定因素的存在,导致事故频发,已受到国人的广泛重视。智能交通运输系统(ITS)的应用,大大地削弱或消除了以往诱发交通事故的不安全因素。如将该系统用于危险品公路运输过程中,也能有效地预防并减少化学事故的发生。在此基础上,笔者提出由安全运输管理层、基础设施层、共用信息层、增值服务层组成的危险化学品公路运输安全智能化管理系统,研究了危险化学品公路运输安全智能化管理系统的框架,讨论了ITS技术在危化品公路运输过程中的应用并提出相应的解决方案     

基于特征源与环境特征的中国煤矿重大事故研究

通过对中国煤矿1980—2000年20年间发生的重大事故的分析显示,在中国煤矿重大事故的直接原因中,人因事故(含故意违章、管理失误、设计缺陷)所占比率高达97.67%以上,从而使人们对中国煤矿重大事故的致因有了新的认识。笔者从重大事故发生的特征源与环境特征角度,对中国煤矿重大事故及事故中的不安全行为进行研究,无论在理论层面,还是实践层面,对遏止煤矿重大事故都极具价值,意义重大。