Key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents in China

Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment. The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property. This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort, China has made significant progress in em...     

秦皇岛海域溢油事故分析研究

通过对秦皇岛海域溢油污染事故进行分析,运用溢油风险评估的理论,对秦皇岛水域海上溢油风险作出了评估,以期当出现溢油事故时损失减小到最低。     

基于粗糙集的城市燃气管道破坏灾害演化诱发机制分析

利用粗糙集理论,在分析大量事故案例的基础上,构建城市燃气管道破坏事故的灾害演化网络模型,找出网络中各灾害事件的诱发因素,在此基础上,对诱发因素进行分级,并将分级的诱发因素作为条件属性,将各灾害事件是否发生作为决策属性;根据条件属性和决策属性,建立相应的数据信息表;对数据信息表中信息进行处理与计算,得到各个条件属性的上近似、下近似、正域,进而比较和计算分析得出可约简的条件属性,在此基础上,给出危机事件基于粗糙集的信息提取与不同条件下危机事件的预测分析。以交通封锁和交通堵塞两个危机事件的诱发过程为例来阐述上述方法,给出了在不同演化条件下交通封锁和交通堵塞是否发生以及发生概率。     

反应过程典型事故共性分析及安全防控对策研究

为了充分挖掘事故教训,提高化工装置反应过程的安全性水平,收集了5起典型的化工装置反应过程事故,包括:光化釜爆炸事故、聚氯乙烯聚合釜爆炸事故、硝化装置爆炸事故、重氮盐生产过程爆炸事故及磺化反应釜爆炸事故。剖析了事故发生的多方面原因,包括:反应危害认识不足、工艺危险性分析不充分、安全条件没确定、过度依赖操作者及控制系统设计有缺陷等。针对每种原因进行了深入的分析,并借鉴事故的教训、已有的标准及优秀的做法,提出了科学系统的反应过程安全防控建议。     

2012年全球炼油与化工事故统计分析

对2012年全球发生的炼油与化工事故从事故时间、事故类型、事故装置、事故工艺等多角度进行统计分析,结果表明:炼油与化工事故数量月度分布不均;事故类型多为火灾、爆炸;常减压装置与乙烯裂解装置是事故高发装置;国家重点监管的危险工艺仍是事故高发工艺。最后提出了预防事故发生的建议措施。     

Occupational safety conditions of bus drivers in Metro Manila,the Philippines

The study looks into the occupational safety and working conditions among bus drivers in Metro Manila, the Philippines. Quantitative data were collected through survey interviews of 95 bus drivers using the stratified sampling technique. Results showed that bus drivers worked an average of 16?h/day and were engaged in risky driving behaviors such as over-speeding and road racing in order to reach their quota for the day. Fifty-nine percent experienced work-related accidents, with a mean of three accidents. The most common accident was hitting another vehicle followed by side swipe. The accidents were blamed on other drivers, followed by vehicle defect, inattentiveness and tiredness/micro-sleep or sudden involuntary sleep while driving. The most common health symptoms experienced by the bus drivers were fatigue, back pain, and cough and colds. This study underlines the need for an occupational health and safety program for bus drivers in the Philippines.     

Mortality from road traffic accidents in a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city: A 20-year analysis in Shenzhen, 1994–2013

Objective: This study aimed to describe the trends of motorization and mortality rates from road traffic accidents and examine their associations in a rapidly urbanizing city in China, Shenzhen.

Methods: Using data from the Shenzhen Deaths Registry between 1994 and 2013, we calculated the annual mortality rates of road traffic accidents, in addition to the age- and sex-specific mortality rates and their annual percentage changes (APCs) for the period of 2000–2013. We also examined the associations between mortality rate of road traffic accidents and traffic growth with Spearman's rank correlation analysis and a log-linear model derived from Smeed's law.

Results: A total of 20,196 deaths due to road traffic accidents, including 14,391 (71.3%) male deaths and 5,805 (28.7%) female deaths, were recorded in Shenzhen from 1994 to 2013. The annual mortality rates in terms of deaths per population and deaths per vehicle changed in similar patterns, demonstrating an increase since 1994 and peaking in 1997, followed by a steady decrease thereafter. The decrease in mortality was faster in individuals aged 20 year or older compared to those younger than 20 years. The mortality rates in term of deaths per population were positively correlated with the total number of vehicles per kilometer of road but negatively correlated with the motorization rate in term of vehicles per population. The estimated model for deaths due to road traffic accidents in relation to the total population and the number of registered vehicles was ln (deaths/10,000 vehicles) = ?1.902 × ln (vehicles/population) ? 1.961. The coefficient was statistically significant (P < .001) and the coefficient of determination was 0.966, indicating a good model fit.

Conclusions: We described a generally decreasing trend in the mortality rates of road traffic accidents in a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city based observations in the 20-year period from 1994 to 2013. The decreased mortality rate may be explained by the expansion of road network construction, improved road safety regulations and management, as well as more accessible ambulance services in recent years. Nevertheless, road traffic accidents remain a universal problem of great public health concern in the whole population.     

灾害事故专业应急救援队伍能力评价指标体系研究*

为科学评价灾害事故专业应急救援队伍能力,基于相关行业领域应急救援队伍能力评价研究及制度标准分析,提取专业应急救援队伍能力构成要素,建立应急救援队伍能力评价指标体系及相应的评价方法。结果表明:指标体系可合理表征专业应急救援队伍能力,可为相关政府及企业开展灾害事故专业应急救援队伍能力评价提供参考。     

Exploring relationships between microscopic kinetic parameters of tires under normal driving conditions,road characteristics and accident types

IntroductionFreeway accidents are a leading cause of death in China, which also triggers substantial economic loss and an emotional burden to society. However, the internal mechanism of how microscopic kinetic parameters of vehicles influenced by road characteristics determine the occurrence of different types of accidents has not been explicitly studied. This research aimed to explore the “link role” of tire microscopic kinetic parameters in road characteristic variables and traffic accidents to aid in facilitating the traffic design and management, and thus to prevent traffic accident. Method: A mountain freeway in Zhejiang Province, China was used as the research object and the data used in this paper were obtained through a real-time vehicle experiment. Multiple estimation models, including the standard ordered logit (SOL) model, fixed parameters logit (FPL) model, and random parameters logit (RPL) model were established. Results: The findings show that road characteristics will affect the longitudinal kinetic characteristics of the vehicle and, consequently, map the level of risk of rear-end accidents. Driving compensation effects were also identified in this paper (i.e., the drivers tend to be more cautious in complicated driving circumstances). Another finding relating to the mountain freeway is that different tunnel characteristics (e.g., tunnel entrance and tunnel exit) have different effects on different types of traffic accidents. Practical Applications: The framework proposed in this article can provide new insight for researchers to enlarge the research subjects of both explanatory and outcome variables in accident analysis. Future research could be implemented to consider more driving conditions.