Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.     

生命价值：无需回避评估

治理环境污染的主要效益是健康效益，即降低发病率和死亡率，但治理污染要消耗稀缺资源（经济成本）。在涉及污染与健康的环境费用效益分析中，社会必须权衡经济收入与生命价值，估价生命价值有４种方法：人力资本法、工资隐含价格法，防护费用法和实验评价法，可以从不同途径评估中国人生命价值。     

Submicron particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Polish teaching rooms: Concentrations, origin and health hazard

The goal of the work was to investigate the concentrations of the 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) bound to submicrometer particles(particulate matter, PM_1) suspended in the air of university teaching rooms and in the atmospheric air outside. Two teaching rooms were selected in two Polish cities, Gliwice, southern Poland,and Warsaw, central Poland, differing with regard to the ambient concentrations and major sources of PM and PAH. The variabilities of indoor and outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, the ratio(I/O) of the indoor to outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, probable sources of PAH and the level of the hazard from the mixture of the 16 PAH(ΣPAH) to humans at both sites were analyzed. In both Warsaw and Gliwice, the mean concentrations of PM_1-bound ΣPAH were slightly higher in the atmospheric air than in the rooms. The indoor and outdoor concentrations of individual PAH in Gliwice were correlated,in Warsaw – they were not. Most probably, the lack of the correlations in Warsaw was due to the existence of an unidentified indoor source of gaseous PAH enriching PM_1 in phenanthrene, fluorene, and pyrene. Although the ambient concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH were low compared to the ones observed earlier at both sites, they were much higher than in other urbanized European areas. However, because of low mass share of heavy PAH in ΣPAH, the various indicators of the health hazard from the 16 PAH mixture were low compared to other regions.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: status, sources, distribution and potential risk

We studied the source, concentration, spatial distribution and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of Beijing. The total mass concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 93 to 13 141 μg kg⁻¹ with a mean of 1228 μg kg⁻¹. The contour map of soil PAH concentrations showed that the industrial zone, the historical Hutong district and the university district of Beijing have significantly higher concentrations than those in remainder of the city. The results of sources identification suggested that the primary sources of PAHs were vehicle exhaust and coal combustion and the secondary source was the atmospheric deposition of long-range transported PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposing to PAHs in the urban soils of Beijing for adult were 1.77 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.48 × 10⁻⁵, respectively under normal and extreme conditions. For child, they were 8.87 × 10⁻⁷ and 6.72 × 10⁻⁶, respectively under normal and extreme conditions.     

电生理技术在大气PM2.5污染健康风险管控中的应用

严峻的大气颗粒物污染导致的能见度下降和城镇灰色景观可能会阻碍居民压力恢复路径,损害居民身心健康。为研究大气PM_(2.5)污染对人体压力恢复的影响,基于压力恢复理论设计了一项生理心理学实验。随机招募127名被试(女性63名,男性64名),并随机分为6组(编号为G10、G30、G50、G100、G160和G260),每组被试在压力恢复阶段分别对应观看ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值分别为10,30,50,100,160和260μg/m~3的实景照片。结合压力自评量表和皮肤电、心电等电生理技术测量了被试观看不同环境ρ(PM_(2.5))实景照片时的压力恢复比例。结果显示,G10、G30、G50组被试的皮肤电水平、心率和心率变异性恢复比例约为40%～50%,50%～70%和60%～80%,G100、G160、G260组被试的皮肤电水平、心率和心率变异性恢复比例约为20%～40%,10%～40%和30%～50%,即观看ρ(PM_(2.5))低于50μg/m~3实景照片的被试在3 min内的压力恢复比例比观看ρ(PM_(2.5))高于100μg/m~3的实景照片的被试高20%以上。基于皮肤电的逐10 s压力恢复比例分析显示,2min内的清洁空气照片(G10、G30、G50组)暴露能使压力恢复至初始水平的60%左右,而暴露时间的增加可能会使被试产生疲劳和厌倦,从而导致压力恢复比例下降。指出,电生理技术是对自评量表测量的有力补充,能够客观、有效地测量压力水平变化,丰富了开展环境健康风险评估的手段,可为大气污染心理健康风险管控提供参考和借鉴。     

苏州市水环境质量调查

简述了1990年—2000年苏州市区水系的变化及京杭运河苏州段沿岸主要工业污染源的变化，对苏州市区水环境质量的变化进行了分析。指出，苏州市区水环境质量的变化主要受水系的改变和污染源防治的共同影响。提出，除继续加强对工业污染源的防治外，还需对水系范围内的生活、农业等方面产生的污染进行防治；在规划水利建设工程时，应将水环境质量的改善与生态建设全面地比较与评价，按其结果再实施工程建设；已建成的环太湖闸在不影响其主要功能的情况下，应保持开启，让优质的太湖水补给运河，从根本上改善苏州市区水环境质量。     

涉及国家级自然保护区建设项目的累积生态影响研究

通过对近一年来我国涉及国家级自然保护区建设项目的统计分析,探析了多个建设项目对单个自然保护区累积生态影响的具体内容,并以内蒙古西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区为例,探讨了累积生态影响的评价方法。最后为严格控制建设项目对国家级自然保护区的累加生态影响,提出了4条有针对性的建议对策。     

论生态安全

生态安全是指人类赖以生态和发展的生态环境处于健康和可持续发展状态，当代，人类生态系统处于脆弱状态。生态安全是区域和国家安全的重要组成部分。以国家安全、金融安全等具有同等重要的战略地位，我国生态安全正面临严峻的挑战，建立我国生态安全体系，十分紧迫。     

城市大气可吸入颗粒物的研究进展

可吸入颗粒物逐渐成为我国许多大中城市的首要空气污染物,对其研究是当前国际大气化学界的研究热点。纵观国内外有关可吸入颗粒物的研究进展,主要是围绕可吸入颗粒物的来源及解析技术、基本特性、采样及分析方法、对人类危害和对环境的影响等方面进行了阐述,同时也对今后的研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

A neuro-fuzzy algorithm for assessment of health,safety, environment and ergonomics in a large petrochemical plant

Process plants such as petrochemical units have been continuously trying to improve Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics (HSEE) programs. This study proposes an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for assessment of HSEE programs in a petrochemical plant. The proposed neuro-fuzzy approach is applied to a set of operators in the petrochemical unit to show its applicability and superiority. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSEE are completed by operators. The average results for each category of HSEE are used as inputs and accomplishment of HSEE programs is used as output for the algorithm. Moreover, this algorithm is used to rank operators performance with respect to HSEE. Finally, the algorithm identifies efficient operators with respect to HSEE. This is the first study that introduces an intelligence algorithm for assessment and improvement of HSEE program in a petrochemical plant.