化学物质的风险评价和风险管理

对有毒化学品管理的科学基础——风险评价和管理的核心问题——风险管理,及二者之间的关系进行了简要的论述。所涉及的问题有与风险评价和风险管理有关的基本概念,定性风险评价与定量风险评价的区别,健康风险评价和环境风险评价的终点及通用程序,以及风险管理的基本环节。      

中国自然保护区类型划分标准的研究

在总结国内外有关自然保护区类型划分研究进展的基础上,根据我国自然保护区建设和管理的实际状况,提出我国自然保护区类型划分的基本原则。并据此原则,研究制定了我国自然保护区类型划分的标准。该标准将中国自然保护区定义和划分为3个类别9个类型。即：1．自然生态系统类自然保护区,包括森林、草原与草甸、荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、海洋与海岸等5个生态系统类型;2。野生生物类自然保护区,包括野生动物和野生植物两个类型;3．自然遗迹类自然保护区,包括地质遗迹和古生物遗迹两个类型。同时,还对其分类体系结构、自然保护区范畴以及本标准的可行性等有关问题作了详细的阐述和讨论。     

可持续发展战略与环境成本内部化

环境成本内部化是实现可持续发展的重要手段。本文从环境经济学的角度出发,分析了可持续发展思想的产生争论背景、可持续发展与传统发展模式的差异以及现行国民经济核算体系的严重缺陷。在此基础上,根据经济过渡期和市场经济的特点和要求,提出了实现可持续发展战略的宏观、中观和微观的环境成本内部化政策和措施。      

福建国有林场森林防火工程体系建设成效

福建是我国重点林区,也是森林火灾的重灾区,福建国有林场系统重视森林防火工程体系建设,强化林火阻隔网络、林火预报与监控,林火交通通讯,组建快速扑火队伍等“四网二化”建设,取得显著成效。     

Multidisciplinary work on barium contamination of the karstic upper Kupa River drainage basin (Croatia and Slovenia); calling for watershed management

The present work was designed as an extension of a previous study of a barium anomaly observed in stream sediments of the Kupa River. In its upper part the Kupa River drains a region underlain by a trans-boundary aquifer. The river is a significant water resource in a region of tourism, sport, and fishing in both Croatia and Slovenia. The contamination source is situated in Homer (Lokve), Croatia, where barite was mined until 10 years ago. The barium processing waste material (<3-mm fraction) was carelessly deposited in gardens, forests, and into a sinkhole, which has an underground link with the Kupica River, a tributary of the Kupa River. Barium waste and stream sediments were analyzed using comparative techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and grain size analysis. XRD of the waste material identified the major minerals quartz, barite, and dolomite and the Fe-containing minor minerals muscovite and goethite. Barite was identified as a minor or trace mineral in the Kupica River sediments. XRF analysis of the waste material has shown Ba and Fe to be the predominant elements, Ca and K to be minor elements, and Mn, Zn, Sr, Pb, Co, Cu, As, Zr, Rb, Y, and Mo to be trace elements. Mössbauer spectroscopy performed at room temperature (RT) was used to study iron minerals, particularly to obtain information on the valence status of Fe ions. Grain size analysis of the waste material (<63-μm fraction) has shown that it contains 23.5% clay-size material in comparison with 7–8% clay-size material in stream sediments. It is our aim to combine geochemical and medical methods to investigate the possible impact of waste disposal on human health in Lokve. At this stage of the work, concentrations of Ba and other toxic elements in the water compartment of the Kupica River (a source of drinking water) have not been monitored by Croatian Waters (name of the Croatian water authorities). The necessity of such measurements in future studies has been highlighted. A preliminary study of diseases diagnosed in Lokve shows that about 18% of the total inhabitants have serious medical problems. Diseases of the circulatory system, endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases, neoplasms, and respiratory diseases predominate. This paper calls for further multidisciplinary research on the health effects of barium and trace elements, as well as for bioremediation of contaminated gardens and for watershed management of vulnerable karstic aquifers.     

Performance of the National Water Model in Iowa Using Independent Observations

This paper explores the performance of the analysis‐and‐assimilation configuration of the National Water Model (NWM) v1.0 in Iowa. The NWM assimilates streamflow observations from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which increases the performance but also limits the available data for model evaluation. In this study, Iowa Flood Center Bridge Sensors (IFCBS) data provided an independent nonassimilated dataset for evaluation analyses. The authors compared NWM outputs for the period between May 2016 and April 2017, with two datasets: USGS streamflow and velocity observations; Stage and streamflow data from IFCBS. The distribution of Spearman rank correlation (r_s), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (E), and Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) provided quantification of model performance. We found the performance was linked with the spatial scale of the basins. Analysis at USGS gauges showed the strongest performance in large (>10,000 km²) basins (r_s = 0.9, E = 0.9, KGE = 0.8), with some decrease at small (<1,000 km²) basins (r_s = 0.6, E = ?0.25, KGE = ?0.2). Analysis with independent IFCBS observations was used to report performance at large basins (r_s = 0.6, KGE = 0.1) and small basins (r_s = 0.2, KGE = ?0.4). Data assimilation improves simulations at downstream basins. We found differences in the characterization of the model and observed data flow velocity distributions. The authors recommend checking the connection of USGS gauges and NHDPlus reaches for selected locations where performance is weak.     

生活垃圾焚烧二噁英排放对人群健康影响研究进展

综述了二噁英对人体健康的危害特性, 以及我国生活垃圾焚烧厂二噁英排放浓度水平,及其周边环境空气和土壤中二噁英污染浓度水平、人群暴露途径、剂量和健康影响。指出,现有研究显示,我国生活垃圾焚烧排放的二噁英浓度在合理范围之内,垃圾焚烧厂周边人群二噁英暴露量普遍低于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的容许标准,但也有研究发现,垃圾焚烧会导致周边环境介质中二噁英浓度水平增高。提出,应重点关注垃圾焚烧排放二噁英的长期低剂量暴露对人群健康的影响。     

国家高新区提升城市绿色创新效率的作用机制与效果识别--基于双重差分法的检验

绿色创新作为将环境保护与经济增长有机整合的发展战略,是当前解决城市发展困境的一剂良方,实践中,促进城市绿色创新水平提升成为政界和学界共同关注的话题。国家高新区是推动城市绿色创新水平提升,实现经济可持续发展的重要载体,然而关于国家高新区设立是否对城市绿色创新发展起作用仍需要进一步实证检验。利用中国285个地级市2003—2016年的面板数据,通过构建双向固定效应模型实现双重差分的目的,识别国家高新区建立影响区域绿色发展的作用机制,并评估高新区驱动城市绿色创新效率提升的净效应。研究结果表明:①国家高新区显著提高了城市绿色创新效率,这一结果在经过了反事实检验和多项稳健性检验后依然成立。②从理论上构建了高新区驱动绿色创新效率提升的影响机制,并通过实证检验甄别出了高新区促进城市绿色创新效率提升的创新驱动机制和结构驱动机制,而未通过集聚驱动机制,"形聚而神不聚"的现象仍广泛存在。③高新区驱动绿色创新效率的提升呈现明显的区域异质性,高新区对东部区域的绿色创新效率驱动效果明显,而对中西部区域效果不明显。④高新区驱动绿色创新效率提升还存在着城市等级的差异,一定程度上表现为"边际递减规律",相比于省会城市,副省会城市、较大的市和一般的市从高新区设立当中获得的政策效益更大。为了进一步提升高新区对城市绿色创新水平的驱动作用,文章据此从发挥集聚推动效应、增强自主创新能力、推动产业转型升级、因地制宜发展高新区等方面提出相关政策建议。     

固城湖水环境现状调查与评价

对固城湖水环境现状进行了调查与评价。结果表明．除湖心区断面枯水期总磷达Ⅳ类标准外,其余断面平、丰、枯水期水质均达Ⅲ类水标准。固城湖水体呈中营养化状态．且综合营养状态指数已接近富营养状态。指出,面源污染,内源污染。养殖污染。流域内的航运污染是造成固城湖水体富营养化的主要原素。提出,应严格控制各类污染源,建立流域内的污水处理厂．保护森林植被．推广使用无磷洗涤剂、生态化肥、生态农药;定期疏浚湖底淤泥,改良现有水生植被结构;加大对固城湖环境、功能和开发利用的研究及湖泊富营养化的研究．对水体中的磷、氮的化学行为及平衡进行分析,预测发展趋势。制定营养物质种类,防止其湖水向藻型湖泊发展。     

国家重点研发计划“水资源高效开发利用”重点专项2016年度申报情况解析

2015年2月,科技部发布国家重点研发计划“水资源高效开发利用”重点专项2016年度指南,历经申报和立项评审,最终有31个项目获得立项支持。本文简述了中国21世纪议程管理中心作为承担本专项过程管理任务的专业机构,在2016年项目申报过程中的工作流程和相关数据分析,对今后开展有关工作提出了建议,为相关领域科研人员申报本专项项目提供一定参考。