石油测井用中子源辐射屏蔽研究

放射源测井技术是当今石油勘探和开发中必不可少的手段，开展对测井人员的屏蔽防护研究十分必要。将聚乙（丙）烯与碳化硼和氧化铝等以不同比例混合后制成的板材和织物具有良好的热中子、中能中子和快中子屏蔽效果，加工成屏蔽装置后，可使镅－铍源中子的屏蔽率达到６２．０６％，γ射线屏蔽率达到３２．４３％，结合中子辐射防护服和防护围裙等的使用，可较好地解决测井人员的辐射防护问题。     

污水深度处理系统在油田污水处理中的应用分析

乐安油田是通过蒸汽吞吐减轻原油粘度进行开采的稠油油田。针对其特点,借鉴美国、加拿大污水回用的成功经验和先进技术,建成投产了国内第一座也是最大的一座油井采出水回用于湿蒸汽发生器的大型泵站 ── 乐安污水深度处理站。文章详细介绍了污水深度处理系统以及运行2年来所取得的成果,证明油田采出水深度处理后回用于湿蒸汽发生器技术是完全可行并易于操作的。     

风电机舱内典型混合液态油品热诱导燃烧特性

为探究不同尺寸方形油盘对双馈异步风力发电机组机舱中典型混合油品燃烧特性的影响,自主设计和搭建了热平板诱导油品加热燃烧测定实验系统。将液压油(CALTEXRANDO HDZ32)和齿轮箱油(CALTEXMEROPA320)按1∶1质量(各40.0g)比例均匀混合后,盛装于横截面尺寸分别为6.5cm×6.5cm、10.0cm×10.0cm、13.5cm×13.5cm 的钢制油盘中,利用热平板加热和诱导盘内同样质量混合油品燃烧,利用摄像机记录其燃烧行为和阶段节点时间,利用热电偶树、温度采集模块对油品燃烧对应阶段节点液内和上方火焰中心轴温度分布进行测定。观察发现,液/齿混合油品在加热后出现液内流动、蒸发、冒泡、气化、燃烧、发烟、火焰蹿高等典型传热传质和液相燃烧现象。实验结果表明,随油盘横截面尺寸递增,混合油品着火时间依次缩短(最高1048.0s),燃烧持续时间依次递减(最高1980.0s),燃烧液内最高温度依次升高(最高564.3 ℃),中心轴第一层火焰熄灭温度依次升高(最高489.2 ℃)。小尺寸油盘内油品交流换热过程缓慢,质量损失速率较低,着火前阶段出现最大质量损失速率(0.041g/s);中大尺寸油盘内对流、传质和传热过程明显增强,质量损失速率较高,火焰蹿高节点时出现最大质量损失速率(0.25g/s和0.29g/s)     

Uptake of uranium and thorium by native and cultivated plants

Large part of available literature on biogeochemistry of uranium and thorium refers to the studies performed either in highly contaminated areas or in nutrient solutions that have been artificially ‘spiked’ with radionuclides. Effects of background levels of natural radioactivity on soil-grown plants have not been studied to the same extent. In this paper, we summarised results of greenhouse and field experiments performed by the author from 2000 to 2006. We examined some of the factors affecting transfer of U and Th from soil to plants, differences in uptake of these radionuclides by different plants, relationships between U and Th in soil and in plants, and temporal variations of U and Th in different plant species. Concentrations of radionuclides (critical point for experimental studies on biogeochemistry of U and Th - rare trace elements in non-contaminated regions) and essential plant nutrients and trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis.     

Determination of levels of polychlorinated biphenyl in transformers oil from some selected transformers in parts of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

Although polychlorinated biphenyls have never been manufactured in Ghana, it has been used extensively as dielectric fluid in electric transformers and capacitors. However, very little is known of its health and environmental impacts by both managers of these transformers and capacitors and also the general public. This work therefore seeks to explore INAA as a possible alternative to screening transformer oils for PCBs by determining the total chlorine content. The total chlorine content of transformer oil samples from Ghana that tested positive and some randomly selected samples that tested negative from screening using CLOR-N-OIL test kits, have had their total chlorine estimated. INAA using the Research Reactor located at the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission was used to estimate the total chlorine content of the oil samples. Neutron Activation and gamma ray spectroscopy using HPGe detector coupled to MAESTRO 32 software was used to determine the total chlorine content by integrating the peak area of the spectrum into a simplified program that was developed from the activation equation. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was able to validate the result obtained from the test kits screening with accuracy 7.5%.The minimum total chlorine content of the positive samples determined by NAA was 71.34 μg g⁻¹.     

复杂人机系统班组人误模型与量化分析

讨论一个班组人员行为模型,即包括:任务模型、事件模型、班组模型和人-机交互模型4个模块,并用其模拟和分析事故状态下的运行班组对异常事故的响应过程;利用班组认知过程流程图模型表征事件发展过程中班组成员对事故的征兆识别、决策、计划和行动执行的响应过程;采用CREAM的量化分析技术,对核电站的蒸汽发生器管道破管事故的班组认知失误事件进行量化分析。     

柴油发电机房的噪声控制技术

柴油发电机组是一种广泛使用的备用供电设备,机组引发的环境噪声污染问题日益得到重视.对某电信局紧急备用的柴油发电机组进行噪声频谱特性分析和周围环境状况的分析,针对性地提出吸声、隔声、消声、减振以及通风散热的治理措施.经过治理后,达到了环境噪声Ⅱ类区域排放标准的要求,同时也满足了柴油发电机组工作时的通风散热要求.     

CLIGEN生成干旱半干旱地区降水相关参数的验证

选用黄河上中游地区无定河流域为中心的15个气象站1959~1999年的降水日值资料,对随机天气发生器CLIGEN在干旱半干旱地区再现降水的能力进行了验证。结果表明:CLIGEN模型较好地模拟了该区域的降水发生概率;很好地再现了年、月、日降水总量平均值,平均相对偏差分别为2.4%、2.4%和2.1%;CLIGEN再现了96.4%的日降水变率、95.9%的月降水变率和84.1%的年降水变率。对年降水变率估计稍差,表明CLIGEN在模拟降水变率方面还有改进的必要。从降水极值看,年降水最大值的平均相对偏差为11.1%,偏差最大的是干旱区的临河站（39.1%）;年降水最小值的平均相对偏差为20.5%,偏差最大的是临河站（-30.7%）;月最大降水量除两站稍低外,其它站平均偏高20.2%;日降水最大值除临河站偏低3.4%外,其余各站平均偏高43.2%。总体上讲,CLIGEN在干旱地区的模拟能力比在半干旱区稍差。鉴于CLI-GEN模拟的极大值绝大部分都偏高,因此利用CLIGEN模型生成的降水资料运行径流和土壤侵蚀模型有高估径流量和土壤侵蚀量的可能,需要进一步利用自计雨量计的资料对CLIGEN生成次降水的参数进行验证,以确保径流和土壤侵蚀预测的精度。     

排板式介质阻挡放电等离子体降解苯的研究

考察了自制排板式等离子发生器对不同进气条件(进气浓度、进气流量和进气湿度)下含苯气的降解效果。结果表明,苯降解率随进气浓度和进气流量的提高而降低,但在高进气浓度和高进气流量下,苯降解率仍保持在50%以上。苯降解率在进气湿度约30%时达到最大值,过低和过高的进气湿度都不利于苯的降解。采用多级串联可提高等离子发生器对高进气浓度和高进气流量的适应能力,4级串联较单级时的苯降解率最高可提高39%。排板式等离子体发生器可作为未来等离子体发生器工业化的重点研发对象。     

System dynamics modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems and combined heating and power generator

The role of energy in the present world is critical in terms of both economical development and environmental impact. Renewable energy sources are considered essential in addressing these challenges. As a result, a growing number of organisations have been adopting hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to reduce their environmental impact and sometimes take advantage of various incentives. When a HRES is being planned, the ability to model a HRES can provide an organisation with numerous benefits including the capability of optimising sub-systems, predicting performances and carrying out sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present a comprehensive system dynamics model of HRES and combined heating and power (CHP) generator. Data from a manufacturing company using HRES and CHP generator are used to validate the model and discuss important findings. The results illustrate that the components of a HRES can have conflicting effects on cost and environmental benefits; thus, there is a need for an organisation to make trade-off decisions. The model can be a platform to further simulate and study the composition and operating strategies of organisations that are venturing to adopt new or additional HRESs.