天津市滨海新区城市形态演化模拟及驱动力分析

基于TM遥感影像、城市规划图等数据,利用logistic CA模型,模拟了2005~2010年天津市滨海新区城市形态演化,经过模拟面积和Lee Sallle指数两个指标的精度评价后,定量分析了新版总规实施后城市形态演化的驱动力。实证研究表明：滨海新区城市形态扩展迅速,驱动力大小依次是自然环境、经济发展、交通带动、城市规划引导;其中交通驱动力中,影响最强烈的依次是火车站、城市的道路、高速出入口、县乡道、航道、省道。因此提出：城市规划必须顺应城市形态发展的规律,把握好可控的关键驱动力,科学预测城市形态发展和提出城市规划方案,做到积极有效的引导城市形态发展     

南京近城市河流沉积物营养水平与磷形态的空间分布

近城市河流位于城市与农村的过渡带,其环境现状反映城市化过程对河流的影响。通过不同断面的样品研究了南京近城市河流--秦淮新河沉积物中主要营养元素与磷形态的空间分布,分析其变化特征和污染成因。研究表明,不同河段由于受人为活动和沉积环境的影响营养程度差异较大。河流表层沉积物的TOC、TN和TP范围分别为307～3497 g/kg、830～2 370 mg/kg和447～3 517 mg/kg,磷的形态显示Fe P或Ca P>Org P>>Al P>DP,其中Fe P和Ca P二者之和占TP的70%以上,两者均可指示营养化程度的轻重。通过西善桥段和入江口段柱状沉积物分析表明,营养元素和磷形态垂向上均呈现明显的“沉降 降解 堆积”三段式变化,西善桥段以Fe P为优势形态,占TP的431%～505%,入江口段以Ca P为优势形态,占TP的463%～603%。通过不同河流磷含量的对比,表明秦淮新河作为近城市河流,营养水平介于一般的乡村河流与城市河流之间,并且优势形态磷空间分布带有区域性,表明长三角的城市化对近郊河流的影响是局部的     

Consolidation in an Individual Transferable Quota Regime: Lessons from New Zealand, 1986–1999

Market-based approaches to environmental regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas) are frequently offered as innovative solutions to many environmental problems. Globally, one of the most well-established forms of this approach is individual transferable quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the natural resource management community, there is considerable debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not well-established in the United States. The previously imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has expired and the 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges (LAPs). A variety of fishers, regulators, and conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether and how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated, it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and economic effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the case of New Zealand, one of the earliest and longest-lived ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources and methods to analyze the extent to which industry consolidation and aggregation has occurred, including surveys of industry participants, expert interviews, reviews of academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications, and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns. This analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings suggest that policy makers considering ITQs can learn from the experiences of other countries related to key issues such as quota allocation, aggregation limits, transferability, cost recovery, and resource sustainability when designing ITQ and other LAP systems. It is also important to explicitly identify economic and social objectives and then carefully design ITQ regimes to meet these objectives.     

Rebuilding others’ communities: a critical analysis of race and nativism in non-profits in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

The devastation of Hurricane Katrina and the federal levee failures facilitated the unprecedented proliferation of non-profits in some areas of the city. While the short- and moderate-term experiences of non-profits in the aftermath of Katrina have been examined, their long-term successes and failures remain unknown. In this paper we look at how race and nativism hindered the success of non-profits in rebuilding New Orleans. We likewise seek to demonstrate how the reactions on the part of non-profits to being the racial other or that of an outsider often further impeded the effectiveness of non-profits. The three authors, using data from participant observation, interviews, and ethnography, over a four-year period, describe generalisable lessons learned from rebuilding New Orleans’ communities, including the recognition of competing racial discourses in redevelopment; the valuing of local knowledge; and coming to terms with the paradoxes of the affect economy.     

对中国“新三大地带”旅游业发展方向分析——基于灰色局势决策理论

中国区域经济受海洋和国际市场影响较大,距海岸线远近反映与世界市场距离远近和交通的便利程度,由此决定中国区域经济发展水平由东向西逐步递减的基本趋势。依据2008年《中国旅游统计年鉴》及2007年各省(区、市)统计公报,采用灰色局势决策方法对我国宏观区域经济"新三大地带"旅游业发展优势进行局势决策分析,确定发展方向,以期为"新三大地带"旅游业发展和生产力布局提供一定的科学依据。     

Time-series sampling of Ra and Ra at the inlet to Great South Bay (New York): a strategy for characterizing the dominant terms in the Ra budget of the bay

Ra isotopes are a powerful tool for quantifying the flux of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the sea. Previous studies of ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra mass balances in coastal embayments have shown that the Ra balance is dominated by supply via SGD, exchange with the open ocean and radioactive decay. The current study shows that a single time series over a tidal cycle at the principal inlet to Great South Bay (NY, US) is sufficient to determine the net flux of Ra across the inlet, and also can be used to estimate the decay of short-lived Ra in the bay. Estimates of the net Ra flux obtained from a single tidal time-series by using three different approaches agree with those determined from a more time-consuming survey of Ra within the bay, and may represent a first step of estimating SGD in bays and coastal lagoons.     

Environmental fate of Ra in cation-exchange regeneration brine waste disposed to septic tanks, New Jersey Coastal Plain, USA: migration to the water table

Fate of radium (Ra) in liquid regeneration brine wastes from water softeners disposed to septic tanks in the New Jersey Coastal Plain was studied. Before treatment, combined Ra (²²⁶Ra plus ²²⁸Ra) concentrations (maximum, 1.54 Bq L⁻¹) exceeded the 0.185 Bq L⁻¹ Maximum Contaminant Level in 4 of 10 studied domestic-well waters (median pH, 4.90). At the water table downgradient from leachfields, combined Ra concentrations were low (commonly ≤0.019 Bq L⁻¹) when pH was >5.3, indicating sequestration; when pH was ≤5.3 (acidic), concentrations were elevated (maximum, 0.985 Bq L⁻¹ - greater than concentrations in corresponding discharged septic-tank effluents (maximum, 0.243 Bq L⁻¹)), indicating Ra mobilization from leachfield sediments. Confidence in quantification of Ra mass balance was reduced by study design limitations, including synoptic sampling of effluents and ground waters, and large uncertainties associated with analytical methods. The trend of Ra mobilization in acidic environments does match observations from regional water-quality assessments.     

新时期环境安全达标建设工作的分析及相关措施

当前,我国对于环境安全的要求越来越高,为了不断提高城市应对突发环境事故的能力,有关部门建立了城市环境事件风险体系,以确保城市各项潜在环境风险可以得到有效化解,保障城市环境安全。城市需要结合实际的环境安全情况,有针对性地推动城市重点环境风险企业安全达标工作的有序开展,切实保障城市的环境安全。     

新时期下地质环境灾害防治现状与防治对策

新时期的背景下,地质灾害是危害人民群众生命财产安全、国家社会和谐稳定的重要因素。本文对地质灾害防治现状进行分析,从政府、技术两个层面提出解决策略,以期为我国地质灾害的防治工作提供有利参考。     

新形势下的土壤污染防治技术

为提升土壤质量,保障人们的身体健康,应时刻关注土壤的污染情况并做好一定的预防和治理工作。对此,本文立足于新形势,分析了土壤污染的危害与来源,认为土壤污染不仅能导致农作物产量、质量下降,也会危害人体健康,同时,土壤污染多为化学污染物、生物污染物及放射性污染物等。在新形势下,既要重视新形势下土壤污染的预防,也要重视土壤污染的治理工作。在土壤污染的防治上,应谨慎处理农药问题、大力推广生物防治病害虫、加大对土壤保护的宣传力度;在土壤污染治理上,应借助于生物修复技术、化学处理技术、换土和翻土技术等,并合理应用有机肥料,才能在新形势下做好土壤污染的防治工作。