湿地受损遥感识别方法及其在天津滨海新区的应用

城市化进程的加快及对湿地资源的不合理开发利用造成湿地严重受损,开展湿地资源的时空变化监测对于湿地的合理开发和可持续发展具有重要作用。基于多时期土地利用数据和长时间序列的Landsat影像数据,利用马尔科夫转移矩阵和GIS空间分析法分析湿地类型受损状况,利用趋势分析法分析长时间序列和不同阶段的湿地植被、水体和土壤湿度要素受损状况,构建了湿地受损遥感识别方法,综合湿地类型和湿地要素受损状况,分析湿地受损模式,并在天津滨海新区进行案例研究。结果显示:滨海新区湿地类型受损主要分为3个时期(1980s—2000年、2000—2009年、2009—2015年),期间湿地经历了从受损到恢复的过程,1980s—2015年滨海新区湿地面积增加了41.40 km ²;1984—2015年湿地要素均呈退化趋势,植被、水体和土壤显著退化的面积分别为364.66、221.28和253.94 km ²。在不同时间段内,影响湿地面积受损的主导因素不同,3个时期滨海新区湿地受损分别是植被、水体和植被占主要地位。     

大清河水系滨岸带入侵草本植物分布特征及影响因素

在雄安新区建设大背景下,保障大清河水系生物安全十分重要。为研究大清河水系入侵植物分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对大清河水系河湖滨岸带开展植被调查,识别滨岸带入侵植物,判定物种的入侵等级,分析物种入侵分布与环境因子和人类活动因素之间的相关性,并提出雄安新区面临的植物入侵风险及防范措施。结果表明：大清河水系有24种入侵植物,其中苋科和菊科合计占54.2%,一年生物种、无意引入物种分别占83.3%、62.5%,原产地为美洲的占62.5%,反枝苋、鬼针草、圆叶牵牛、鳢肠、大狼杷草、苘麻6种植物为流域内广布种;入侵植物种数和入侵性在流域中游的拒马河上游房山山区段、流域下游的牤牛河霸州城市段以及100 m高程分界线附近的山区—平原交接区明显高于其他区域;人类活动是影响植物入侵程度的主要因素,路网密度、建设用地面积占比越高,越有利于入侵植物的分布与扩散;大清河水系植物入侵程度尚可控,但需要在雄安新区建设过程中重视植物入侵定居及扩散风险,早做防范。

     

A Lost Link between a Flightless Parrot and a Parasitic Plant and the Potential Role of Coprolites in Conservation Paleobiology

Late Quaternary extinctions and population fragmentations have severely disrupted animal‐plant interactions globally. Detection of disrupted interactions often relies on anachronistic plant characteristics, such as spines in the absence of large herbivores or large fruit without dispersers. However, obvious anachronisms are relatively uncommon, and it can be difficult to prove a direct link between the anachronism and a particular faunal taxon. Analysis of coprolites (fossil feces) provides a novel way of exposing lost interactions between animals (depositors) and consumed organisms. We analyzed ancient DNA to show that a coprolite from the South Island of New Zealand was deposited by the rare and threatened kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), a large, nocturnal, flightless parrot. When we analyzed the pollen and spore content of the coprolite, we found pollen from the cryptic root‐parasite Dactylanthus taylorii. The relatively high abundance (8.9% of total pollen and spores) of this zoophilous pollen type in the coprolite supports the hypothesis of a former direct feeding interaction between kakapo and D. taylorii. The ranges of both species have contracted substantially since human settlement, and their present distributions no longer overlap. Currently, the lesser short‐tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is the only known native pollinator of D. taylorii, but our finding raises the possibility that birds, and other small fauna, could have once fed on and pollinated the plant. If confirmed, through experimental work and observations, this finding may inform conservation of the plant. For example, it may be possible to translocate D. taylorii to predator‐free offshore islands that lack bats but have thriving populations of endemic nectar‐feeding birds. The study of coprolites of rare or extinct taxonomic groups provides a unique way forward to expand existing knowledge of lost plant and animal interactions and to identify pollination and dispersal syndromes. This approach of linking paleobiology with neoecology offers significant untapped potential to help inform conservation and restoration plans. Un Eslabón Perdido entre un Loro No Volador y una Planta Parásita y el Papel Potencial de Coprolitos en Paleobiología de la Conservación     

Arsenic forensic modeling leads to decommission of downgradient/off-site monitoring wells

Arsenic was detected at concentrations exceeding the regulatory limit of 0.010 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in an off-site bedrock monitoring well downgradient of a former electroplating facility in Merrimack, New Hampshire. The bedrock underlying the site is associated with naturally occurring high concentrations of groundwater arsenic. Geochemical modeling was used to evaluate whether the arsenic in bedrock groundwater at the off-site monitoring location was site-related or naturally occurring. The hydrogeochemical signature of the off-site bedrock well did not resemble signatures of site-impacted bedrock wells. Multiple lines of evidence support that the arsenic observed in off-site bedrock groundwater was not a result of adverse impacts from site-related groundwater contamination.     

Flood policy reversal in australia

In 1977 the Government of New South Wales introduced a flood prone lands policy which attempted to break with the past emphasis on structural works. Cornerstones of the policy were the preparation of floodplain maps, and use of the 1:100 (100 year or 1%) flood to delineate floodplains and 1:20 flood for floodway definition. The fiscal and regulatory elements of the policy were to be applied more or less uniformly within the two zones. At first there was little effective opposition to the program, but this changed when large areas of Sydney, which had not been inundated since development, were mapped. Local government concern over issues of legal liability led to decisions which in turn prompted opposition to the policy from residents' action groups and property development interests. A perceived drop in property values provided the main motivation for action by residents. This pressure for change, which intensified just before the 1984 state election, saw the policy overturned.
The new policy gives local government greater responsibility for floodplain management. State authorities have withdrawn from floodplain mapping, although technical advice will continue to be provided, and there are no longer any uniform floodplain or floodway definitions. Policy implementation is to be guided by a Manual which attempts to define flood hazard in terms of both physical and social criteria.     

可降解垃圾生物消纳机运行试验

介绍了新研制的可降解垃圾生物消纳机的原理，并对运行试验数据进行了分析，说明该机运行良好，社会和环境效益有独特优势。     

二万年来长江中下游自然环境变迁及其发展趋向探讨

20000～15000a.B.P.间气候最冷,生长喜冷的针叶林和干旱草原植被.在14780±700a.B.P.出现了最低海面(-154m);15000～13500a.B.P.,气候较暖湿,海面上升,生长阔叶混交林;13500～10500a.B.P.,气候有2次温暖和3次较冷,在暖期生长针阔叶混交林.较冷期则出现森林草原和草原.最低的温度比现在低5～7;一万多年来的冰后期,气候变化分为5个新冰期(包括小冰期)和5个新高温期(包括小气候最宜期).最高气温比现在高2～3℃,出现在5000～4000a.B.P.之间;最低温度比现在低3～5℃最高海面在6500～6300a.B.P.,高出现在海面4～5m.在温暖期中生长常绿一落叶阔叶林中亚热带针阔混交林;在较冷期间,生长落叶阔叶林,针叶林或草原草地.在人类影响或自然发展之结果,未来环境变化有可能向干暖气候和高海面演变,或向干冷气候和海面下降转变.这些变化将对长江中下游带来意外的灾难.     

小直径锥形管成形工艺研究

通过对小直径锥形管的工艺分析 ,介绍了一种成形的工艺方法和措施 ;并就成形、加工模具作了详细说明     

无锡新区生态工业链网设计探讨

生态工业园区是按照工业生态学原理，通过模拟自然生态系统，建立工业系统中“生产者-消费者-分解者”的循环途径，实现物质闭路循环和能量多级利用。文中介绍了生态工业园区的概念、分类和中国工业生态园区的建设进展。结合无锡新区生态工业园区的建设现状，提出新区的生态工业链网设计思路，通过园区成员企业之间的协同管理，以取得资源、环境与经济、社会效益的增长最大化。     

Differential parental care behaviors of arboreal and terrestrial microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

I studied the ecology of parental care behaviors displayed by two closely related sympatric species of microhylid frogs in Papua New Guinea that occupy different microhabitats. Adult removal experiments on the terrestrial frog Hylophorbus rufescens and the undescribed arboreal frog Oreophryne sp. A demonstrate a significant positive effect of parental attendance on offspring survivorship and differential causes of egg mortality between microhabitats. Desiccation was the primary cause of egg mortality for the arboreal frog, whereas predation was the main source of mortality for the terrestrial frog. These selection pressures (desiccation and predation) are comparable to two of Wilsons prime movers of the evolution of parental care (harsh environment and predation) and may have driven and/or are maintaining the evolution of parental care behaviors in these Papuan microhylid frogs. These results highlight microhabitat-specific selection pressures in the evolution and maintenance of parental care behaviors.Communicated by A. Mathis