Relationship of Land‐Use/Land‐Cover Patterns and Surface‐Water Quality in The Mullica River Basin1

Abstract: We describe relationships between pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrogen, and phosphorus and land‐use patterns in the Mullica River basin, a major New Jersey Pinelands watershed, and determine the thresholds at which significant changes in water quality occur. Nonpoint sources are the main contributors of pollutants to surface waters in the basin. Using multiple regression and water‐quality data for 25 stream sites, we determine the percentage of variation in the water‐quality data explained by urban land and upland agriculture and evaluate whether the proximity of these land uses influences water‐quality/land‐use relationships. We use a second, independently collected water‐quality dataset to validate the statistical models. The multiple‐regression results indicate that water‐quality degradation in the study area is associated with basin‐wide upland land uses, which are generally good predictors of water‐quality conditions, and that both urban land and upland agriculture must be included in models to more fully describe the relationship between watershed disturbance and water quality. Including the proximity of land uses did not improve the relationship between land use and water quality. Ten‐percent altered‐land cover in a basin represents the threshold at which a significant deviation from reference‐site water‐quality conditions occurs in the Mullica River basin.     

新时期环境监测工作的几点思考

新时期环境监测面临的任务复杂而艰巨,如何才能从容应对各种突发事件,如何才能更好的为环境管理服务,如何才能进一步提高监测分析水平,构建先进的预警体系,是不断拓展环境监测领域,加快信息化建设步伐的必由之路。     

几种粪大肠菌群检测方法的比较

粪大肠菌群作为水体粪便污染的指示菌,其在地表水水质监测评价中具有重要作用。采取精确、快速的粪大肠菌群检测方法,对控制流行疾病的发生和传播有重要的科学意义。为此对应用多管发酵法、滤膜法、快速检测法(纸片法)、酶底物法检测粪大肠菌群的优缺点作了对比研究。得出了快速检测法(纸片法)、酶底物法有较准确、快速等方法特性,有较好的实用价值。     

化工区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源分析

系统采集了天津滨海新区3个化工区28个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析了16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和组分特征,运用环数比值法和主成分因子载荷法揭示了其污染来源.结果表明,化工区土壤中PAHs最高含量达5 991.7　ng·g^-1(塘沽化工区),平均含量1 18５.０　ng·g^-1,与国内外相关研究比较,处于中高等污染水平,工业污染排放已明显影响到周边环境中PAHs的残留,且塘沽化工区＞汉沽化工区＞大港采油区;塘沽和汉沽2个化工区土壤中毒性较高的4环和5环PAHs均高于其他环数PAHs,大港采油区3环所占比例明显占主导;土壤有机碳(TOC)和PAHs之间存在显著相关关系(n=28,R²=0.847,p＜0.01),TOC是影响研究区域PAHs在土壤中分配的一个重要因素;煤燃烧的排放是化工区土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源,石油类挥发或泄漏对大港采油区影响显著.     

天津滨海新区围海造地的生态环境影响分析

选择具有重要典型意义的环渤海城市快速扩张地区渤海湾西岸天津滨海新区段为例,从宏观的景观格局变化与时空演变,微观尺度上的近海生态环境变化方面分析了天津滨海新区围海造地的生态环境影响。结果显示:(1)随着天津滨海新区2006年纳入国家发展战略以及总体规划的实施,围海造地面积从2004年的52.32 km2迅速增加2010年的312.78km2,规划到2020年将增加到425.94 km2,人工岸线从41.16 km增加到217.79 km,造成景观自然性急剧下降,人类对近海的干扰强度过大。(2)对纳潮量造成影响,经过围海造地,天津滨海新区段纳潮量减少了13.7%,纳潮量的减少进一步影响了污染物的稀释与扩散。(3)海洋生态功能受到影响2,010年渤海湾天津滨海新区段的近海生态服务价值将下降18%。     

浅谈景星镇新农村生态建设中绿化树种选择

以"村容整洁"为核心的村庄绿化是新农村生态建设重要内容。绿化树种选择应优先选择乡土树种,兼顾经济、环境效益与景观的统一。     

改良混凝反应器强化混凝效果的研究

通过设置水平隔板强化水力扩散作用,提高了普通混凝反应器的混凝效果;比较了改良与普通混凝反应器对某污水厂二级生化出水的处理效果:在相同的pH值、速度梯度、混合及絮凝时间、沉降时间以及相同的混凝剂种类及剂量下,改良混凝反应器对CODCr、总磷(TP)及浊度的去处效果都优于传统的混凝反应器;当达到相同的CODCr,TP和浊度的去除率时,聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量分别可以降低25%～50%,20%～30%,20%左右,因此可以大大降低成本。可见改良后的反应器通过改善水力条件、增强传质作用,强化了原水和混凝药剂的混合作用,改善了混凝处理效果,提高了各污染物的去处率,给污水厂及再生水厂混凝沉淀工艺的改造提供了借鉴。     

Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes

We assessed environmental and perceptual correlates of walking and walkability for fifth graders from three communities attending two schools: A new urban/LEED-ND pilot community, mixed, and standard suburban community. Irvine-Minnesota Inventory (IMI) walkability audits showed that new urban blocks provided more traffic safety, pleasurability, crime safety, density, and diversity. New urban routes offered greater traffic safety, accessibility, pleasurability, crime safety, and diversity, but suburban routes had greater housing density, net of controls (parental education, rooms in the home, home ownership, parent preference for child to walk to school). Parents and children perceived new urban routes to be more walkable and children walked more when they lived on more walkable routes. The suburban hierarchical street design exposed children to varied traffic safety conditions by funneling their walks from cul-de-sacs to arterials. The new urban routes to a centrally located school passed by pleasant open spaces, suggesting how community organization can create better walking conditions.     

What vehicle features are considered important when buying an automobile? An examination of driver preferences by age and gender

Introduction

Certain vehicle features can help drivers avoid collisions and/or protect occupants in the event of a crash, and therefore, might play an important role when deciding which vehicle to purchase. The objective of this study was to examine the importance attributed to key vehicle features (including safety) that drivers consider when buying a car and its association with age and gender.

Methods

A sample of 2,002 Canadian drivers aged 18 years and older completed a survey that asked them to rank the importance of eight vehicle features if they were to purchase a vehicle (storage, mileage, safety, price, comfort, performance, design, and reliability). ANOVA tests were performed to: (a) determine if there were differences in the level of importance between features and; (b) examine the effect of age and gender on the importance attributed to these features.

Results

Of the features examined, safety and reliability were the most highly rated in terms of importance, whereas design and performance had the lowest rating. Differences in safety and performance across age groups were dependent on gender. This effect was most evident in the youngest and oldest age groups.

Conclusions

Safety and reliability were considered the most important features. Age and gender play a significant role in explaining the importance of certain features.

Impact on Industry

Targeted efforts for translating safety-related information to the youngest and oldest consumers should be emphasized due to their high collision, injury, and fatality rates.     

雄安新区富硒土地资源分布特征及开发利用评价

采集雄安新区表层土壤样品（0~20cm）、大宗农作物（小麦籽实）及根系土样品,利用GIS空间分析、相关分析等方法对土壤硒含量分布、富集特征及影响因素进行分析,基于生态位适宜性评价理论模型开展富硒土地资源开发利用适宜性评价.结果表明：新区表层富硒土地16993hm²,土壤中硒赋存形态以强有机结合态为主,其次为残渣态和腐殖酸结合态,三者占土壤硒总量的87%以上,生物可利用态硒含量所占比例相对较小（水溶态硒占比4.44%、离子交换态硒占比3.43%）.小麦籽实样品富硒率28.45%,籽实中硒含量与根系土壤中硒含量具有显著相关性（r=0.77,P<0.01）.土壤硒富集主要受第四纪沉积地貌环境的影响,此外灌溉水、化肥和大气干湿沉降（燃煤降尘）等外源输入也影响贫化富集.土壤硒含量与沉积地貌环境“标志性”土壤指标Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、MgO和K₂O含量,土壤有机碳（Corg.）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、黏粒和粉粒含量等具有显著正相关关系,与SiO₂、Na₂O含量和土壤砂粒含量等具有显著负相关关系（P<0.01）.基于生态位评价理论模型,新区富硒土地资源开发利用适宜性评价结果表明：高适宜区（Ⅰ级）和中适宜区（Ⅱ级）主要位于新区西北容城县南张镇和小里镇、安新县寨里乡和老河头镇等地,土地面积为14397.35hm²,占新区规划总面积的8.13%.