Novice teen driving: GDL and beyond

The Symposium on Novice Teen Driving: GDL and Beyond--Research Foundations for Policy and Practice, held in Tucson, AZ, on February 5-7, 2007, provided a detailed overview of graduated driver licensing (GDL) and other beginning driver issues in the United States. This paper summarizes the information presented at the Symposium and in its background papers. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This information and summary should help all interested persons and organizations, including industry, in their efforts to improve GDL and teen driver programs in the United States, which in turn will further reduce traffic crashes and fatalities involving teenage drivers.     

Extending parental mentoring using an event-triggered video intervention in rural teen drivers

Teen drivers are at high risk for car crashes, especially during their first years of licensure. Providing novice teen drivers and their parents with a means of identifying their risky driving maneuvers may help them learn from their mistakes, thereby reducing their crash propensity. During the initial phase of learning, adult or parental supervision often provides such guidance. However, once teens obtain their license, adult supervision is no longer mandated, and teens are left to themselves to continue the learning process. This study is the first of its type to enhance this continued learning process using an event-triggered video device. By pairing this new technology with parental feedback in the form of a weekly video review and graphical report card, we extend parents' ability to teach their teens even after they begin driving independently. Twenty-six 16- to 17-year-old drivers were recruited from a small U.S. Midwestern rural high school. We equipped their vehicles with an event-triggered video device, designed to capture 20-sec clips of the forward and cabin views whenever the vehicle exceeded lateral or forward threshold accelerations. Preliminary findings suggest that combining this emerging technology with parental weekly review of safety-relevant incidents resulted in a significant decrease in events for the more at-risk teen drivers. Implications for how such an intervention could be implemented within GDL are also discussed.     

改良混凝反应器强化混凝效果的研究

通过设置水平隔板强化水力扩散作用,提高了普通混凝反应器的混凝效果;比较了改良与普通混凝反应器对某污水厂二级生化出水的处理效果:在相同的pH值、速度梯度、混合及絮凝时间、沉降时间以及相同的混凝剂种类及剂量下,改良混凝反应器对CODCr、总磷(TP)及浊度的去处效果都优于传统的混凝反应器;当达到相同的CODCr,TP和浊度的去除率时,聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量分别可以降低25%～50%,20%～30%,20%左右,因此可以大大降低成本。可见改良后的反应器通过改善水力条件、增强传质作用,强化了原水和混凝药剂的混合作用,改善了混凝处理效果,提高了各污染物的去处率,给污水厂及再生水厂混凝沉淀工艺的改造提供了借鉴。     

新常态下的环境保护工作思考

新常态深刻揭示了我国经济发展阶段的新变化、新特点,认识新常态、适应新常态、引领新常态成为当前和今后一个时期我国经济发展的大逻辑,也给环境保护工作带来了新机遇和新挑战。做好新常态下的环境保护工作,需要新思维,从而加快实现改善环境质量为主,优先削减存量、有序引导增量协调,依靠环境流量、环境容量的动静协调、统筹综合支撑3大转变,同时,加强法律、制度、管理、政策、社会等政策措施对环保新思维的支撑和保障工作,推进生态环境治理体系和治理能力的现代化。     

新常态下我国环境政策的需求和建议

文章以新常态下经济社会新特点、新方向为出发点,分析了经济增速放缓、结构转型等对资源环境的新影响以及环境管理的新需求,并从释放政策潜力、激活市场活力、提高创新能力3方面,提出了我国环境政策发展的新思路与建议。     

环境保护新形势下综合性开发区规划环评工作方法探讨——以江苏省太湖流域的开发区规划环评为例

以灰霾、水质污染等为主要特征的环境问题日益突出,人民群众对蓝天、清水、净土的期盼日益强烈.规划环评作为规划实施前期环境战略安排,能较好地解决长期性、区域性的环境问题.选取江苏省太湖流域一个综合性开发区,以区域环境质量改善作为规划方案合理与否的一个重要准则.通过规划环评引导开发区在维持快速发展的同时进一步减少污染物排放,集约利用资源能源,并基于生态敏感性、适宜性确定合理的开发格局,为开发强度高、现状环境问题较突出的同类开发区规划环评提供借鉴.     

长江经济带PM2.5空间异质性和驱动因素的地理探测

基于地面站点监测数据,运用空间自相关分析和地理探测器等模型方法,探究了2018年长江经济带PM_2.5污染的时空分异特征与驱动因素.结果表明：（1）长江经济带PM_2.5浓度呈明显的夏低冬高、春秋居中的季节变化、 U形月度变化和脉冲型逐日变化特征,低值区集中在上游的南岸地区,高值区位于中下游的江北地区;（2）流域PM_2.5污染存在稳定的空间正相关,局部空间关联格局展现显著的HH型和LL型的空间趋同现象;（3）长江经济带PM_2.5空间相关强度随地理距离的增大而减小,其空间自相关性阈值约为870 km,在该范围内PM_2.5空间集聚性较为强烈;（4）自然和人文因子对PM_2.5影响程度具有显著的空间差异性特征,海拔高度、地形起伏度和人口密度是长江流域PM_2.5污染的高作用力影响因子.因子交互作用后对PM_2.5污染解释力远超单因子,主导交互因子为产业结构∩海拔高度,反映出长江流域大气污染的驱动因素具有复杂性特征.     

雄安新区唐河污水库残留污染物对地下水水化学动态的作用机制

唐河污水库位于雄安新区白洋淀西侧,污水库渗漏和污水灌溉历时长达40 a,包气带中累积大量污染物.识别污水渗漏和灌溉复合系统残留污染物对地下水水化学动态的作用机制,对雄安新区的水环境保护至关重要.利用水化学离子示踪及改进的氯碱指数等水文地球化学方法,解析浅层地下水水化学时空特征及演化机制.结果表明,污水库区地下水水化学类型为SO₄ ·HCO₃-Na型,平均污水混合比例为48.4%,阳离子交替吸附作用和岩盐溶解作用分别为地下水提供了29.9%和8.6%的钠离子;污灌区地下水水化学类型为SO₄ ·HCO₃-Na ·Mg型,平均污水混合比例为58.3%,阳离子交替吸附作用降低了地下水中8.1%的钠离子;降水和灌溉水的混合稀释作用导致残留污水混合比例和矿物饱和指数降低,促进地下水中钠离子与土壤胶体吸附的钙镁离子的交换作用.含水层反硝化作用能有效减少地下水硝酸盐污染.此外,污水库修复前后污水比例分别为61.5%和49.3%.污水渗漏和灌溉复合系统中长期滞留的污染物将在降雨和灌溉模式驱动下以不同程度的污水物理混合和水岩相互作用持续影响浅层地下水水质.     

Action research and residential waste minimisation in Palmerston North,New Zealand

This research adds an action research approach to mixed methods to understand the drivers and barriers to residential waste minimisation in Palmerston North, New Zealand. While local, national, and global structural barriers persisted outside the participants’ immediate control, action research enhanced waste minimisation practices within the limits of these structural barriers. The reflexive and collaborative principles of action research allowed research participants to identify individualised needs and challenges. Thus, the research proceeded according to the participants’ circumstances. Some of the key drivers included a sense of accountability, active learning, social support, convenience, affordability, and access to information and resources. The participants also offered recommendations to the City Council, producers, and policy-makers to enhance residential waste minimisation in Palmerston North. While the value-action gap persists in purely quantitative waste research seeking to understand and change waste behaviour, action research was beneficial as it added a more nuanced understanding of participants’ waste behaviours. It also contextualised waste-related practices and attitudes in a specific locale.