基于性能参数退化的发动机推进剂加速退化试验建模

目的 针对某火箭弹发动机推进剂加速退化试验数据,建立性能参数退化模型,分别基于最大伸长率和最大抗拉强度等不同参数,计算推进剂的激活能和不同温度下的加速因子。方法 建立基于退化轨迹的性能参数退化模型,对发动机推进剂进行加速退化试验建模,利用最小二乘法计算性能变化参数,利用阿伦尼斯模型计算加速模型的参数,并得到激活能和加速因子。结果 针对推进剂加速试验数据,给出推进剂激活能和不同温度下加速因子的计算方法。采用基于退化轨迹的性能参数退化模型,可有效评估推进剂的寿命。结论 该方法可有效地对推进剂加速试验数据进行建模,给出激活能和加速因子,更能反映推进剂的寿命特征,为寿命评估提供支撑。     

A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles

As a proactive step towards understanding future waste management challenges, this paper presents a future oriented material flow analysis (MFA) used to estimate the volume of lithium-ion battery (LIB) wastes to be potentially generated in the United States due to electric vehicle (EV) deployment in the near and long term future. Because future adoption of LIB and EV technology is uncertain, a set of scenarios was developed to bound the parameters most influential to the MFA model and to forecast “low,” “baseline,” and “high” projections of future end-of-life battery outflows from years 2015 to 2040. These models were implemented using technology forecasts, technical literature, and bench-scale data characterizing battery material composition. Considering the range from the most conservative to most extreme estimates, a cumulative outflow between 0.33 million metric tons and 4 million metric tons of lithium-ion cells could be generated between 2015 and 2040. Of this waste stream, only 42% of the expected materials (by weight) is currently recycled in the U.S., including metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, nickel, and steel. Another 10% of the projected EV battery waste stream (by weight) includes two high value materials that are currently not recycled at a significant rate: lithium and manganese. The remaining fraction of this waste stream will include materials with low recycling potential, for which safe disposal routes must be identified. Results also indicate that because of the potential “lifespan mismatch” between battery packs and the vehicles in which they are used, batteries with high reuse potential may also be entering the waste stream. As such, a robust end-of-life battery management system must include an increase in reuse avenues, expanded recycling capacity, and ultimate disposal routes that minimize risk to human and environmental health.     

不同经济发展路径下的能源需求与碳排放预测——基于河北省的分析

运用协整检验和马尔科夫链等方法研究不同经济增长路径下河北省2017~2035年的能源需求与结构、CO₂排放情况.结果显示：经济增长对能源需求具有明显的拉动作用.低速增长情景下,河北2035年的人均能源消费量与能源消费总量将分别达到5.261tce和41613.294万tce,而高速情景下则分别为7.618tce和60258.456万tce.河北未来的能源结构将长期保持相对稳定的状态,煤炭在能源结构中的绝对份额短期内难以改变,预计到2035年煤炭的消费占比仍将达到88.16%.河北的CO₂排放量将依然长期保持增长趋势.高速情景下,预计CO₂排放量将从2017年的87699.314万t增加至2035年的159117.415万t,分别是同期低速增长情景下的1.01倍和1.45倍.应保持经济合理增长,优化能源消费结构,调整产业布局,培育和发展新动能.     

中国环境保护战略政策70年历史变迁与改革方向

系统地回顾了新中国成立70年以来环境保护战略政策的历史变迁,分析其演进脉络、阶段性变化特征和取得的成效,对于制定新时代国家生态环境保护战略政策、全面推进生态文明和"美丽中国"建设具有重大现实意义.以环境保护战略政策历史演进为主线,将新中国成立70年以来的环境保护战略政策历史变迁与发展划分为5个阶段:①非理性战略探索阶段（1949-1971年）;②建立环境保护三大政策和八项管理制度的环境保护基本国策（1972-1991年）;③强化重点流域、区域污染治理的可持续发展战略（1992-2000年）;④控制污染物排放总量、推进生态环境示范创建的环境友好型战略（2001-2012年）;⑤推进环境质量改善和"美丽中国"建设的生态文明战略（2013年至今）.分析表明,我国基本形成了符合国情且较为完善的环境战略政策体系,在生态文明和环境保护法制与体制改革、生态环境目标责任制、生态环境市场经济政策体系以及多元有效的生态环境治理格局下取得了重大成就,对环境保护事业发展发挥了不可替代的支撑作用,为深入推进生态文明建设和"美丽中国"伟大目标实现提供了重要保障.结合新时代生态文明建设和"美丽中国"建设的目标需求,提出了未来我国生态环境保护战略政策的基本走向、改革目标,指出了管理体制、生态法治、空间管控、市场机制、公众参与、责任考核等六大改革方向.      

基于PLS-VIP方法的我国居民间接碳排放研究

使用STIRPAT模型、PLS-VIP方法研究间接生活能源消费等因素对我国城乡居民间接碳排放的影响。结果显示:城乡居民间接生活能源消费弹性系数都位居第一位,富有弹性;人口规模、人均GDP的弹性系数为负值,我国人口的扩大以及经济的发展会降低间接CO_2排放量;城乡居民城镇化的弹性系数都为负值,新型城镇化建设能够降低间接碳排放量;农村第三产业比重的弹性系数为负值。最后,提出提高城乡居民间接生活能源使用效率、大力发展农村第三产业等建议。     

超声波促进污泥过程减量化的研究进展及展望

随着污泥处理处置问题的日益严峻,基于清洁生产理念的污泥过程减量化技术已成为业界的研究热点。超声波以其"绿色、高效"在污泥过程减量化工艺中引起了广泛关注。探讨了超声波促进污泥过程减量化的机理和主要影响因素,概述了单独利用超声波及超声波与其他技术联用促进污泥过程减量化的研究现状,展望了低强度超声波在污泥过程减量化中的应用前景和研究方向。     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

建立MFCA账户对竹产业节能减排和环境保护的影响研究

竹产业既是传统行业又是新兴产业,在国家提倡的节能减排和环境保护过程中扮演重要角色.通过分析竹产业的现状,十分有必要给竹产业企业建立MFCA账户.同时,通过对浙江S拉丝企业的MFCA分析,建议S竹拉丝企业在能量损耗和机械折旧率控制上减少不必要的消耗,如精准控制无聊投放的时间节点,并且减少系统资源成本,积极与当地政府沟通,达成在政策层面有效支持节能减排和环境保护的推广,如与环境紧密关联的负产品处置补贴等.     

基于纳米TiO2添加的新型航空涂料性能研究

目的解决纳米TiO_2在涂料中的团聚问题,同时实现增强涂层防腐蚀、疏水性能和耐紫外老化性能。方法以氯醚树脂为航空涂料的主要成膜物质,以经氟硅烷改性后的金红石型纳米TiO_2颗粒为主要吸光剂和疏水剂,配合其他合适填料和颜料制备一种新型航空涂料,通过拉拔法、硬度测试法、电化学极化曲线法、接触角测试法和人工紫外加速老化等测试手段分别对涂层的力学性能、电化学性能、疏水性能和耐紫外老化性能进行研究。结果改性后的金红石型纳米TiO_2颗粒的分散性及与氯醚树脂的相容性得到改善。当添加量为2%~3%时,涂层腐蚀防护性能、表面疏水性、耐紫外老化性能达到最佳,附着力、硬度等力学性能达到航空涂料的基本使用要求。结论该涂料有效地解决了纳米TiO_2在涂料中的团聚问题,提高了涂层的防腐蚀、疏水性能和耐紫外老化性能。     

Experiment-based investigations of magnesium dust explosion characteristics

An experimental investigation was carried out on magnesium dust explosions. Tests of explosion severity, flammability limit and solid inerting were conducted thanks to the Siwek 20 L vessel and influences of dust concentration, particle size, ignition energy, initial pressure and added inertant were taken into account. That magnesium dust is more of an explosion hazard than coal dust is confirmed and quantified by contrastive investigation. The Chinese procedure GB/T 16425 is overly conservative for LEL determination while EN 14034-3 yields realistic LEL data. It is also suggested that 2000-5000 J is the most appropriate ignition energy to use in the LEL determination of magnesium dusts, using the 20 L vessel. It is essential to point out that the overdriving phenomenon usually occurs for carbonaceous and less volatile metal materials is not notable for magnesium dusts. Trends of faster burning velocity and more efficient and adiabatic flame propagation are associated with fuel-rich dust clouds, smaller particles and hyperbaric conditions. Moreover, Inerting effectiveness of CaCO₃ appears to be higher than KCl values on thermodynamics, whereas KCl represents higher effectiveness upon kinetics. Finer inertant shows better inerting effectiveness.