Characterization of natural organic matter in water for optimizing water treatment and minimizing disinfection by-product formation

正Introduction Natural organic matter(NOM)present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials     

Kinetics of ammonium removal with suspended and immobilized nitrifying bacteria in different reactor systems

The degradation of ammonium by free and immobilized bacteria in different reactor systems was investigated. It was found that the start-up of a nitrifying system is enhanced if a reservoir of immobilized bacteria is present. It was also found that in a single stage system with suspended nitrifying bacteria a stable ammonium removal > 95 % could be established up to an influent ammonium concentration of 1000 mg/1 and a volumetric loading rate (VLR) of 2.3 kg NH₄⁺ m⁻³ d⁻¹. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) due to nitrification processes was greatly enhanced with increasing volumetric loading rates. Using nitrifying bacteria immobilized on Siran material it was demonstrated that the ammonium degradation rate was directly proportional to the initial ammonium concentration.     

Fate of nitrogen during composting of chicken litter

Chicken litter (a mixture of chicken manure, wood shavings, waste feed, and feathers) was composted in forced-aeration piles to understand the changes and losses of nitrogen (N) during composting. During the composting process, the chemical [different N fractions, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (C), and C:N ratio], physical, and microbial properties of the chicken litter were examined. Cumulative losses and mass balances of N and organic matter were also quantified to determine actual losses during composting. The changes in total N concentration of the chicken litter piles were essentially equal to those of the organic N. The inorganic N concentrations were low, and that organic N was the major nitrogenous constituent. The ammonium (NH(4)(+))-N concentration decreased dramatically during first 35 days of composting. However, the rapid decrease in NH(4)(+)-N during composting did not coincide with a rapid increase in (NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-))-N concentration. The concentration of (NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-))-N was very low (<0.5 g kg(-1)) at day 0, and this level remained unchanged during the first 35 days of composting suggesting that N was lost during composting. Losses of N in this composting process were governed mainly by volatilization of ammonia (NH(3)) as the pile temperatures were high and the pH values were above 7. The narrow C:N ratio (<20:1) have also contributed to losses of N in the chicken litter. The OM and total organic C mass decreased with composting time. About 42 kg of the organic C was converted to CO(2). On the other hand, 18 kg was lost during composting. This loss was more than half (59%) of the initial N mass of the piles. Such a finding demonstrates that composting reduced the value of the chicken litter as N fertilizer. However, the composted chicken contained a more humified (stabilized) OM compared with the uncomposted chicken litter, which would enhance its value as a soil conditioner.     

Natural continuous influent nitrifier immigration effects on nitrification and the microbial community of activated sludge systems

Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated for 100 days under aerobic conditions, with one being fed with unsterilized municipal wastewater (USBR), and the other fed with sterilized municipal wastewater (SSBR). Respirometric assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results show that active nitrifiers were present in the unsterilized influent municipal wastewater. The maximum ammonia utilization rate (AUR) and nitrite utilization rate (NUR) of the unsterilized influent were 0.32 ± 0.12 mg NH4+-N/(L·hr) and 0.71 ± 0.18 mg NO2?-N/(L·hr). Based on the maximum utilization rates, the estimated seeding intensity for the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) of the USBR was 0.08 g AOB/(g AOB·day) and 0.20 g NOB/(g NOB·day) respectively. The fraction of nitrifiers/total bacteria in the influent was 5.35% ± 2.1%, the dominant AOB was Nitrosomonas spp., Nitrosococcus mobilis hybridizated with Nsm156, and the dominant NOB was Nitrospira hybridizated with Ntspa662. The influent nitrifiers potentially seeded the activated sludge of the bioreactor and hence demonstrated a mitigation of the acclimatization times and instability during start-up and early operation. The AUR and NUR in the USBR was 15% and 13% higher than the SSBR respectively during the stable stage, FISH results showed that nitrifiers population especially the Nitrospira in the USBR was higher than that in the SSBR. These results indicate that the natural continuous immigration of nitrifiers from municipal influent streams may have some repercussions on the modeling and design of bioreactors.     

酚二磺酸法测定硝酸盐氮有关问题的探讨

酚二磺酸光度法测定硝酸盐氮是《水和废水监测分析方法》(第三版)中的推荐方法,由于它的测定范围较宽,显色稳定而被采用;但是此方法的反应条件要求严格,较难控制,造成加标回收率不稳定。经过多年的试验摸索,发现对试验产生影响的因素有显色剂、硝化条件、干扰、取样量等。     

3，5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐硝化抑制作用初探

采用室内培养实验的方法，以不加抑制荆的尿素作为对照，对比研究DMPP及它的同分异构体3，5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐作为硝化抑制剂对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响。结果表明，3，5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐具有一定的硝化抑制作用。在培养期间。施加3。5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的土壤中硝态氮的含量一周后始终低于对照，铵态氮的含量一周后始终高于对照。但在培养试验中后期（三周以后），3，5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的硝化抑制效果劣于DMPP。3，5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐能否作为新型硝化抑制荆。还要对它的生理、生态效应等进行进一步的研究。     

潜流式人工湿地微生物群落结构及脱氮效果的研究

人工湿地是一种经济有效的处理污水方法,对氮有一定的去除效果。实验主要测定了泗洪潜流式人工湿地芦苇根面及填料表面上氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量分布情况,并初步探讨了人工湿地脱氮效果。结果显示湿地中细菌数量丰富,氮去除效果较好,其中氨氮、凯氏氮、总氮的去除率分别为55.5%,60.1%,53.6%。     

缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器处理尿液污水的研究

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(A/O MBR)对尿液污水进行处理.结果表明:当进水NH 4-N、COD和BOD5分别为400～980(容积负荷为0.42～1.01 kg/(m3·d))、390～630和120～280 mg/L时,平均去除率分别为79.5%、75.1%和95.0%,同时系统对色度也有一定的脱除效果,经过A/O MBR和活性炭(PAC)处理后出水色度降为8倍;运行期间膜污染较严重,膜内表面微生物的滋生和膜外表面形成沉积层是造成膜污染的主要原因.     

低COD/N-NH_4比废水的同时硝化反硝化生物处理策略

从生化反应计量学出发 ,提出了对低 COD/ N- NH4比废水可以通过控制营养配比、调控溶解氧浓度和控制生物硝化及生物反硝化 ,经过 NO- 2 途径进行同时硝化反硝化的生物处理策略。对香港低 COD/ N- NH4比的垃圾渗漏水用同时硝化反硝化处理的成功实例进行了讨论     

p-Cresol mineralization and bacterial population dynamics in a nitrifying sequential batch reactor

The ability of a nitrifying sludge to oxidize p-cresol was evaluated in a sequential batch reactor （SBR）. p-Cresol was first transformed to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzoate, which were later mineralized. The specific rates of p-cresol consumption increased throughout the cycles. The bacterial population dynamics were monitored by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 0DGGE） and sequencing of DGGE fragments. The ability of the sludge to consume p-cresol and intermediates might be related to the presence of species such as Variouorax paradoxus and Thauera mechernichensis, p-Cresol （25 to 200 mg C/L） did not affect the nitrifying SBR performance （ammonium consumption efficiency and nitrate production yield were close to 100% and 1, respectively）. This may be related to the high stability observed in the nitrifying communities. It was shown that a nitrifying SBR may be a good alternative to eliminate simultaneously ammonium and p-cresol, maintaining stable the respiratory process as the bacterial community.