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241.
上海河流氮负荷的年际变化及其水体富营养化的原因探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
利用1990-2002年水质监测数据,分析了上海河流水体中氮负荷(总氮和氨氮)的年际变化特征:从整体上来看,上海河流水体氮负荷较大,氮污染严重:苏州河、黄浦江下游河段氮负荷明显高于上游河段,市区河流氮负荷明显高于郊区河流;从年际变化上看,苏州河、黄浦江、市区河流(除龙华港)水体历年氮含量有降低趋势,郊区河流水体历年氮含量有增长趋势。在此基础上,从六个方面讨论了造成上海河流水体富营养化的原因,以期为上海市河流综合整治的规划决策提供重要的科学依据。 相似文献
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243.
Anammox enrichment from different conventional sludges 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
Three sets of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were used for Anammox enrichment from conventional sludges including upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, activated sludge, and anaerobic digestion sludge. After four months of operation, the Anammox activity occurred in all reactors allowing continuous removal of ammonium and nitrite. The morphology of the cultivated Anammox sludge was observed using scanning electron microscope. The photographs showed that the obtained culture was mostly spherical in shape, presumably Anammox culture. There were also filamentous-like bacteria co-existing in the system. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using 16S rRNA targeting oligonucleotide probes PLA46 and Amx820 showed that the dominant population developed in all SBRs was hybridized with both PLA46 and Amx820 gene probes. It means that the cultivated biomass in all SBRs was classified in the group of Planctomycetales bacteria with respect to the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. Numerous time sequences were tested in this experiment. The shortest workable reaction time was found in the range from 5 to 7 h. Good quiescence of sludge was obtained at 30 min of settle period followed by a discharge period of 15 min. A long-term performance showed a near perfect removal of nitrite based on the influent NO2(-)-N concentration of 50-70 mg l(-1). The maximum ammonia removal efficiency was 80% with the influent NH4(+)-N concentration of 40-60 mg l(-1). It is, therefore, concluded that Anammox cultivation from conventional sludges was highly possible under control environment within four months. 相似文献
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245.
J. A. Laws B. F. Pain S. C. Jarvis D. Scholefield 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2000,80(3):1032
Past research on nitrogen (N) inputs, losses and surpluses focused on separate components of grassland management, i.e., grazed or cut swards and the impact of fertiliser or slurry applications. In practice, however, grassland is both grazed and cut for conservation, and N fertiliser is supplied from both organic and inorganic sources. A whole systems approach was used to evaluate the effects of combinations of management strategies designed to reduce N losses on N budgets, and herbage and animal production in South West England. Three systems with contrasting N inputs were compared: CN, conventional mineral N application and broadcast slurry; TN, tactical mineral N application with slurry injection and the early housing of cattle; GC, a mixed grass/white clover sward with no mineral N addition and slurry injection. Comparisons were made on two contrasting soil types: a freely-draining sandy loam (Gleysol, Site 1), and a poorly drained clay (Luvisol, Site 2). 1 ha farmlets were grazed to a target sward height by beef cattle for a 5-year (Site 1) or a 4-year (Site 2) period. Herbage surplus to grazing requirements was cut for silage. On average, 185 kg N ha−1 was applied annually to treatment TN compared with 280 kg N ha−1 for CN. An additional 76, 102 and 67 kg N ha−1 was applied in slurry to treatments CN, TN and GC, respectively. Substantial reductions in N surpluses were achieved for both treatments TN and GC compared with treatment CN (N surpluses ha−1: 254, 168 and 119 kg at Site 1, and 247 kg, 190 and 73 kg at Site 2, for CN, TN and GC, respectively). The highest N input for treatment CN was associated with the greatest animal and herbage production. More land was required for grazing on treatment GC and less herbage was cut for silage so that self-sufficiency was not attained for winter fodder on this treatment. The early removal of cattle on treatment TN did not result in a significant increase in the amount of herbage cut for silage. It was concluded that the combinations of mitigation options used were successful in reducing N surpluses compared with the conventional N management system, but animal and herbage production was reduced. 相似文献
246.
从平流层和对流层的大气化学过程入手,分析了研究各个反应所采用的测量手段;从当前大气化学的发展要求提出了理论研究和模式建立中对仪器测量手段的要求。并且从测量坪台这一角度分析了目前在大气化学领域使用的主要测量仪器和手段。 相似文献
247.
城镇生活污水、含氮的工业废水和农田氮肥是水环境的主要氮污染源。影响水环境中氮污染的主要因素是含氨污水的排放性状、纳志水体的环境容量以及人为与自然条件下氮素的物理、化学的转化作用。 相似文献
248.
氮氧化物污染防治技术进展 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
氮氧化物 (NOx)是主要的大气污染物之一 ,NOx的治理历来受到国内外研究人员的重视。本文扼要介绍了国内外近 1 0几年来 NOx防治技术的研究进展 相似文献
249.
上海城区大气NOx污染对健康影响的定量评价 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
以国际上近年来通用的危险度评价方法为基础,结合NO_x每增高1单位所产生的健康损失,定量估计上海城区大气中NO_x污染对人体健康的影响。结果表明:(1)1990、1998和1999年,上海城区大气中NO_x污染造成人群呼吸系统疾病患病率分别增加0.77%、1.57%和1.50%,可避免的呼吸道疾病病例数分别为54200、98900、94900;(2)1990、1998和1999年,NO_x污染亦造成人群肺功能指标FVC分别减少38、93、89mL,FEV_(1.0)减少37、92、88mL。因此,上海市城区大气中NO_x污染对居民造成了一定的健康损失,且近10年来呈上升趋势。 相似文献
250.
上海市空气中NOx的污染现状及分担率 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
借鉴国外计算模型和方法,结合调查统计与现场测试,开展了上海市NOx排放的系统研究。结果表明:1998年上海市各类固定源和流动源共排放NOx37.7万t,其中工业固定源排放占总量的71%;在中心城区,机动车排放已成为NOx污染的主要来源,占该地区机动车和固定源排放总量的74%。 相似文献