简论废气氮氧化物(NO_X)浓度单位PPm与mg/m~3的换算系数关系

空气中污染物浓度的表示方法有两种,体积浓度表示法(ppm)与质量浓度表示法(mg/m3)。氮氧化物不是单一的化合物,存在多种化合物。因此目前对氮氧化物(NOX)单位换算不清,造成浓度结果计算错误。本文对这一问题作一简介。     

Ozone, nitric acid, and ammonia air pollution is unhealthy for people and ecosystems in southern Sierra Nevada, California

Two-week average concentrations of ozone (O₃), nitric acid vapor (HNO₃) and ammonia (NH₃) were measured with passive samplers during the 2002 summer season across the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, along the San Joaquin River drainage. Elevated concentrations of the pollutants were determined with seasonal means for individual sites ranging between 62 and 88 ppb for O₃, 1.0-3.8 μg m⁻³ for HNO₃, and 2.6-5.2 μg m⁻³ for NH₃. Calculated O₃ exposure indices were very high, reaching SUM00-191 ppm h, SUM60-151 ppm h, and W126-124 ppm h. Calculated nitrogen (N) dry deposition ranged from 1.4 to 15 kg N ha⁻¹ for maximum values, and 0.4-8 kg N ha⁻¹ for minimum values; potentially exceeding Critical Loads (CL) for nutritional N. The U.S., California, and European 8 h O₃ human health standards were exceeded during 104, 108, and 114 days respectively, indicating high risk to humans from ambient O₃.     

Characteristics and significance of liquid effluent from woodchip corrals in Scotland

Woodchip corrals are increasingly used as cost effective means of over-wintering livestock in temperate regions but there is little information on their potential environmental impact. Four woodchip corrals of varying characteristics were instrumented to capture and quantify the flows reaching the base, where pollutant fluxes may move either vertically to groundwater, or laterally to a water course. Samples for chemical analysis were collected daily by auto-sampler. Samples for bacterial analysis were aseptically hand-sampled. Sampling frequency was increased during high flow events and sampling was conducted over a 12-month period. Microbiological samples were analysed for total coliform (TC), presumptive Escherichia coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE). Leachate was also analysed for total phosphorus, phosphate, total nitrogen, ammonium, total oxidised nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate. Each corral had a recording rain gauge sited within 10 m of the corral surface. Mean total nitrogen concentration in leachate was 339.5 mg l(-1), of which ammoniacal-N comprised approximately 57%. Mean total phosphorus concentration was 94.7 mg l(-1). Geometric mean concentrations of TC, EC and IE were 95,461, 94,983 and 55,552 cfu100 ml(-1), respectively. Significant flows of leachate occurred at the base of the corrals on most days during the 1-year sampling period and flow rate increased with stocking density. Strong positive linear relationships were found between the concentrations of the nutrient parameters and discharge. Strong positive curvilinear relations were found between faecal indicator concentrations and discharge. Different relationships were observed in the stocked and unstocked corrals. The resulting fluxes are sufficient to give concern and to indicate that corral development is worthy of regulatory attention.     

Farmyards, an overlooked source for highly contaminated runoff

Summer sampling of storm runoff generated from areas of roofs and hardstanding situated on four dairy/beef farms has provided novel information regarding its microbiological and chemical quality. All farm hardstandings generated runoff that was contaminated with respect to those pollutants (faecal coliforms, FC, and faecal streptococci, FS, major nutrients, organic carbon) that are ubiquitously associated with faecal matter and urine. The separate analysis of roof runoff indicated that these can contribute significant concentrations of FS, phosphorus (P) and potentially toxic elements such as zinc (Zn), and suggests a level of 'background' contamination originating from wash-off of bird droppings and in the case of Zn galvanised surfaces. On average hardstanding runoff showed enhanced concentrations of >4 orders of magnitude for FC and 2-3 for major nutrients and carbon relative to roof runoff. Organic forms of nitrogen (N) and P contributed significantly (averaging >40%) to the total dissolved fraction in both roof and hardstanding runoff. Part of the substantial variability in composition of runoff samples could be attributed to differences between farms as well as the timing of sample collection during individual storms. Where situations allowed, a comparison of water upstream and downstream of the farmyard demonstrated they acted as a source of multiple contaminants not only during hydrologically active storm events but also during dry periods. Contamination pathways included a combination of both point (e.g., septic overflows) and non-point (e.g., seepage from livestock housing) sources. Farmyards situated within intensive livestock farming areas such as SW Scotland, would be expected to have significant local and accumulated downstream impacts on the aquatic environment. Localised impacts would be particularly important for headwaters and low order streams.     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.     

华北平原农田硝态氮淋溶率和淋溶负荷估计

由于化肥过度施用且强度逐渐增加,华北平原氮淋溶问题日趋严重且造成了地下水污染风险.利用1991年以来公开发表的文献中290 组农田NO₃^--N 淋溶试验样本(淋溶率和10个影响因素),基于Bayesian递归回归树模型初步建立了华北平原农田NO₃^--N淋溶迁移过程统计模型.以2008年为例,基于华北平原县域合成氮肥、复合肥施用量和1 km×1 km的影响因素和土地利用(耕地)数据,最终得到1 km×1 km的华北平原农田NO₃^--N淋溶率和淋溶负荷及其不确定性水平.初步结果表明:①模型校准和验证R²分别达到0.832和0.829,模拟结果相对可靠;②华北平原耕地NO₃^--N的淋溶率具有显著的空间分异,其中位值为15.4%(R₅₀为12.6%~18.2%),其主要影响因素为土壤TN量、施N量、灌溉比例与降雨量的比值等;相应地,2008年淋溶负荷和淋溶量分别为995.1 Gg·a^-1(833.4~1156.7 Gg·a^-1);③NO₃^--N淋溶率较高的区域集中在太行山脉以东、黄河附近以及苏北的县(区、市),淋溶负荷贡献最大为河南(~37.7%)、江苏(~24.8%)和河北(~21.6%).     

太湖水体富营养化的演变及研究进展

结合多年来对太湖的实地调查研究及相关文献资料分析，综述太湖近几十年水体体富营养化演变趋势，其主要表现为N，P营养盐的增加，水华的频繁显发，富营养化程度日益加剧等，并就近期开展的太湖营养化及其防治的研究作了介绍。     

Enrichment of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung spiked solid textile mill sludge using nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Textile mill waste can be vermicomposted if it is mixed in the range of 20–30% with cow dung. This article reports the effect of inoculation, of nitrogen fixing Azotobacter chroococcum strain; Azospirillum brasilense strain and phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas maltophila, on nitrogen and phosphorus content of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung (CD) and cow dung spiked textile mill sludge (CD + STMS). The CD vermicompost was more supportive to the growth and multiplication of all the three bacteria than CD + STMS vermicompost. In Azotobacter chroococcum treated vermicomposts maximum nitrogen content was recorded between 45 and 60 days [CD␣vermicompost (25.9 ± 0.45 g kg⁻¹) and CD + STMS vermicompost (20.6 ± 0.62 g kg⁻¹)] followed by Azospirillum brasilense inoculation [CD vermicompost (19.4 ± 0.60 g kg⁻¹) and CD + STMS vermicompost (18.6 ± 0.17 g kg⁻¹)]. Phosphorus content in Pseudomonas maltophila inoculated CD vermicompost was 20.8 ± 0.20 g kg⁻¹ and CD + STMS vermicompost was 13.4 ± 0.45 g kg⁻¹ after 75th day of inoculation.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

江汉平原中部浅层地下水中氨氮的有机质来源探究

江汉平原地下水氨氮浓度普遍超标,但是氮污染来源尚不明晰,尤其是对潜在的有机来源氮的认识还很不充分。本研究对江汉平原中部浅层地下水和沉积物中的溶解性有机质（Dissolved organic matter,DOM）荧光组分与氨氮关系进行了调查研究,并对沉积物的氮形态进行分析,探讨了沉积物中有机质向氨氮的潜在转化过程。研究表明研究区内浅层地下水中广泛分布溶解性有机碳与NH₄⁺,并且两者浓度呈现正相关关系（R²=0.42,p<0.01）,该区域地下水呈现强还原环境有利于DOC与NH₄⁺的赋存。DOM荧光光谱谱图的平行因子分析（Parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC）结果表明：地下水与沉积物中DOM均含有类氨基酸与类富里酸组分。有机质组分荧光强度与氨氮浓度相关性结果表明：沉积物DOM中类富里酸和类氨基酸组分与氨氮均呈现强正相关性（R²=0.92~0.96,p<0.01）;地下水中DOM类富里酸组分与氨氮呈现较强的正相关性（R²=0.62~0.66,p<0.01）,而类氨基酸组分与氨氮的正相关性不明显。地下水中相较沉积物中,DOM的类富里酸和类氨基酸组分与氨氮相关性减弱,这种变化可能指示了类富里酸稳定赋存在含水层,而类氨基酸更容易分解消耗。沉积物中凯氏氮占总氮的87.04%~93.51%,表明沉积物中的氮主要为可以转变为NH₄⁺的有机氮形态,因而满足了地下水中的NH₄⁺由沉积物有机氮转化产生的必备条件。江汉平原沉积物中有机氮的分解是浅层地下水氨氮的重要来源。