Occurrence of sulfonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA

Samples from six private wells formerly used as sources for drinking water by the residents of Washington County (Weiser, Idaho) were collected to assess the impact of a nearby confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) on the quality of the local groundwater. All six samples were found contaminated by two veterinary antimicrobials, sulfamethazine (at concentrations from 0.076 to 0.22 μg/l) and sulfadimethoxine (at concentrations from 0.046 to 0.068 μg/l). These groundwater samples also contained elevated concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Three of the sampled wells have nitrate levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, with nitrate concentration as high as 39.1 mg/l. All but one well showed nitrate, which instead contained ammonium at 1.22 mg/l. Analysis of the nitrate and ammonium in these samples by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry indicated δ¹⁵N characteristic of an animal or human waste source. Results from this study underscore the role of CAFO as an important source of antibiotic contamination of groundwater.     

厌氧、缺氧、好氧多级交替SBR脱氮除磷试验研究

以实际生活污水为研究对象,采用厌氧、缺氧、好氧多级交替序批式反应器(SBR)工艺,通过曝气时间、交替次数的凋整对该系统的脱氮除磷效果进行了研究,最终将工艺确定为厌氧1.5 h-好氧1.0h-缺氧1.0h-好氧20 min-缺氧 1.0 h-好氧20min.试验结果表明:该系统与传统的SBR相比节省了44%的曝气量,且对COD、TN、TP去除率分别达85%、78%、99.5%,同时发现曝气过程 NO2-N和NO3-N的累积可能会对好氧吸磷产生抑制作用.     

马兰黄土中与三氮有关的微生物的分布及其反硝化能力

选择关中盆地马兰黄土为研究对象,采用平板菌落计数法研究了与三氮转化有关的微生物在0～9 m剖面上的垂直分布.结果表明,剖面上氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、固氮菌分别为克土106～1010、101～103、103～108、103～105个.在试验区剖面7 m处的土壤中存在着反硝化菌富集区,数量达克土108个.对此层位土壤进行了反硝化能力实验,结果表明,马兰黄土反硝化作用最适宜温度为22 ℃和37 ℃,碳源的存在可大大提高反硝化速率,但改变碳氮比对反硝化速率影响不大.在15 ℃、无外界供给碳源、硝酸根初始质量浓度为56 mg/L情况下,反硝化菌对硝酸根的降解作用符合方程y=-2.682 8x 60.979,回归系数R=0.960 9.该反硝化菌富集区的存在为研究包气带中三氮转化提供了重要信息.     

人工湿地污水处理系统中的植物氮磷吸收富集能力研究

比较研究了人工湿地污水处理系统中7种植物对氮、磷的吸收能力.研究表明,所选7种湿地植物,稳定生长4个月后,平均总生物量在1 215～3 500 g/m2,植物氮、磷平均质量浓度分别为13.76～23.11、1.44～3.80 mg/g.香蒲具有最高氮积累量达48.18 g/m2,梭鱼草具有最高磷积累量为7.23 g/m2,姜草对氮、磷的积累量最低分别为21.40、1.68 g/m2.植物地上部氮、磷积累量与地下部的氮、磷积累量差异较大,除姜草外,植物地上部、地下部的氮、磷积累量比均大于3,黄花美人蕉地上部、地下部的氮、磷积累量比分别达11.75、12.10.通过植物收割去除氮、磷量约占湿地总去除量的2%～6%.     

High NO2/NOx emissions downstream of the catalytic diesel particulate filter: An influencing factor study

Diesel vehicles are responsible for most of the traffic-related nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The use of after-treatment devices increases the risk of high NO₂/NO_x emissions from diesel engines. In order to investigate the factors influencing NO₂/NO_x emissions, an emission experiment was carried out on a high pressure common-rail, turbocharged diesel engine with a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). NO₂ was measured by a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer with raw exhaust sampling. The experimental results show that the NO₂/NO_x ratios downstream of the CDPF range around 20%–83%, which are significantly higher than those upstream of the CDPF. The exhaust temperature is a decisive factor influencing the NO₂/NO_x emissions. The maximum NO₂/NO_x emission appears at the exhaust temperature of 350°C. The space velocity, engine-out PM/NO_x ratio (mass based) and CO conversion ratio are secondary factors. At a constant exhaust temperature, the NO₂/NO_x emissions decreased with increasing space velocity and engine-out PM/NO_x ratio. When the CO conversion ratios range from 80% to 90%, the NO₂/NO_x emissions remain at a high level.     

Functional traits of poplar leaves and fine roots responses to ozone pollution under soil nitrogen addition

Concurrent ground-level ozone（O₃） pollution and anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition can markedly influence dynamics and productivity in forests.Most studies evaluating the functional traits responses of rapid-turnover organs to O₃ have specifically examined leaves,despite fine roots are another major source of soil carbon and nutrient input in forest ecosystems.How elevated O₃ levels impact fine root biomass and biochemistry remains to be resolved.This study was...     

Anaerobic digestion of autoclaved and untreated food waste

Anaerobic digestion of autoclaved (160 °C, 6.2 bar) and untreated source segregated food waste (FW) was compared over 473 days in semi-continuously fed mesophilic reactors with trace elements supplementation, at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 2, 3, 4 and 6 kg volatile solids (VS)/m³ d. Methane yields at all OLR were 5–10% higher for untreated FW (maximum 0.483 ± 0.013 m³ CH₄/kg VS at 3 kg VS/m³ d) than autoclaved FW (maximum 0.439 ± 0.020 m³ CH₄/kg VS at 4 kg VS/m³ d). The residual methane potential of both digestates at all OLRs was less than 0.110 m³ CH₄/kg VS, indicating efficient methanation in all cases. Use of acclimated inoculum allowed very rapid increases in OLR. Reactors fed on autoclaved FW showed lower ammonium and hydrogen sulphide concentrations, probably due to reduced protein hydrolysis as a result of formation of Maillard compounds. In the current study this reduced biodegradability appears to outweigh any benefit due to thermal hydrolysis of ligno-cellulosic components.     

机动车氮氧化物污染现状与减排措施

汽车尾气对空气的污染越来越严重,影响人们的健康生活,破坏生态环境。机动车尾气中的氮氧化物是大气污染的主要污染物之一,采取有效措施减少机动车氮氧化物排放对于空气质量的改善具有重要意义。     

一株具有好氧反硝化能力真菌的筛选及脱氮性能研究

利用综合筛选法从河流底泥中筛选出一株具有好氧反硝化能力的真菌,通过18S rDNA测序及形态观察,该菌被鉴定为链格孢属真菌。结果表明:该菌碳源底物利用范围广泛,能够利用多种有机碳源进行生长和反硝化。该菌对氨氮的去除主要通过该菌对氨氮的同化作用,而对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的去除是同化和反硝化共同作用的结果。当氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐同时存在时,该菌优先利用氨氮,但对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐并无明显的选择性。初始氮浓度和碳氮比对培养基pH和氮素的去除率均有一定的影响。当初始氮浓度和碳氮比合适时,该菌对3种氮素均有很高的去除效率,是一种具有应用前景的除氮菌属。