底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990-2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin, China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

A vertical-compressed three-dimensional ecological model in Lake Taihu, China

A three-dimensional ecological model on the basis of the analyses of environmental characteristics is set up for Lake Taihu, one of the largest shallow lakes in China. The hydrodynamic processes, nutrient cycling, chemical processes and biological processes are integrated in the model. Model state variables include: water current, surface displacement, nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as their different forms such as ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, etc., biomasses of macroplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, and also the nutrient levels of macroplankton and phytoplankton. A nutrient budget and sediment transformation are also coupled in the model. The data from January 17, 1997 to January 18, 1998 are use to calibrate the model. The model results have shown good agreement with the observations. It implies that the model could be used for the lake environmental management and research for examining the processes and determining the water quality. The reasons of deviations between the modelled results and the observed values are also discussed. There are six factors that explain the deviations of the modelled results from the observed values and they can be grouped into two sets. One set of problems is associated with the standard deviation introduced by sampling and analyses. The second set of problems can be solved by introduction of processes lacking in the present model (resuspension, phytoplankton transportation mode under the wind with low speed, shifts in species composition and varied size of phytoplankton and zooplankton). The latter two processes should be included in the model at a later stage by integration of a structurally dynamic approach into the three-dimensional model.     

降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究

为有效阻控降雨条件下农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过对降雨时农田排水沟渠系统中总氮、总磷的测定和分析,研究降雨径流下沟渠系统水体中氮、磷的迁移转化规律和时空分布.结果表明,农田排水沟渠系统本身不太稳定,在外界条件(降雨)的作用下可以引起一系列的变化,同时农田排水沟渠系统又具有抗冲击可修复能力,可以使氮、磷的各项转化作用恢复.该特征使得总氮、总磷在沿程迁移过程中表现出一定的变化规律:总氮浓度沿程呈3次多项式曲线变化,总磷浓度整体呈指数递减变化;同时各断面的总氮、总磷自身转化也有其降解规律,总氮和总磷浓度随时间均呈3次多项式曲线变化.     

氮素在人工湿地基质中分布研究

介绍了一种改进的人工湿地，该湿地在传统潜流湿地的基础上，提高水流曲折性，改用渡形方式的流态，使污水反复多次地经过土壤基质．狄而增强了吸附、沉淀的效果，更为有效地提高污染物的去除效果。通过实验将传统湿地和渡式湿地进行比较，发现波式湿地出水COD和NH4^＋-N明显低于传统湿地；波式湿地的除氮效果也明显优于传统湿地。     

人工湿地在农业面源污染控制方面的应用

简述了人工湿地的类型及去除氮，磷，有机物的主要机理，人工湿地内植物的作用及其它一些问题，从而说明了人工湿地作为一种造价低，运行简单及管理方便的农业面源污染控制系统在我国尤其是广大城镇和农村地区具有良好的应用前景。     

淀浦河水体中氨氮、总氮和总磷污染变化趋势及相关性分析

根据2005年至2011年的监测结果,分析了淀浦河中下游河段的氨氮、总氮和总磷近几年污染变化趋势,并探讨了氨氮、总氮和总磷的相关性。结果表明,淀浦河总氮和总磷的年均浓度均超过水体富营养化的临界浓度,水体富营养化严重。氨氮、总氮和总磷相互之间存在显著相关性,可以通过氨氮、总氮和总磷中某一参数的测定,确定其他两个参数的数值范围,进而确定测定时的稀释倍数,有利于提高监测效率。     

总氮浓度对3种沉水植物生长的影响

在1/40 Hoagland营养液的基础上,采用NH4NO3为氮源,设定了2、4、8、16 mg·L-1 4个不同总氮浓度的培养液,以洗净的长江河沙为栽培基质,分别对3种我国湖泊中常见的沉水植物马来眼子菜(Potamogetonmalaianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)进行了为期45d的水培试验,研究了水体中不同总氮浓度对3种沉水植物分枝数、根长、株高、鲜重等生长指标的影响,以期为富营养化水体中沉水植被的恢复与先锋物种的选择提供科学依据.结果表明,试验结束时不同处理的马来眼子菜的各项生长指标均显著增加,苦草没有产生新的分枝,黑藻的根长没有显著的增加;不同处理的3种沉水植物的鲜重在试验结束时均有显著增加,其增加的顺序表现为马来眼子菜＞苦草＞黑藻的趋势;植物株高和鲜重的净积累随处理浓度的升高而显著增加,根系的净伸长则随处理浓度的升高而显著降低.由于马来眼子菜所有的生长指标均表现出比苦草和黑藻有显著的生长优势,因此,在符合本试验条件的水体沉水植被的恢复过程中可以作为先锋植物.     

Enhancing nitrogen removal from low carbon to nitrogen ratio wastewater by using a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Removing nitrogen from wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio is a difficult task due to the insufficient carbon source available for denitrification. Therefore, in the present work, a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor (NSBBR) was developed to enhance the nitrogen removal from wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. The NSBBR was divided into two units separated by a vertical clapboard. Alternate feeding and aeration was performed in the two units, which created an anoxic unit with rich substrate content and an aeration unit deficient in substrate simultaneously. Therefore, the utilization of the influent carbon source for denitrification was increased, leading to higher TN removal compared to conventional SBBR (CSBBR) operation. The results show that the CSBBR removed up to 76.8%, 44.5% and 10.4% of TN, respectively, at three tested COD/TN ratios (9.0, 4.8 and 2.5). In contrast, the TN removal of the NSBBR could reach 81.9%, 60.5% and 26.6%, respectively, at the corresponding COD/TN ratios. Therefore, better TN removal performance could be achieved in the NSBBR, especially at low COD/TN ratios (4.8 and 2.5). Furthermore, it is easy to upgrade a CSBBR into an NSBBR in practice.     

上海天山污水处理厂进水水质动态特性分析

根据上海天山污水处理厂的进水水质特性分析,并相应提出优化运行的建议。