层次分析法在水环境规划中的应用

根据层次分析法的基本原理，在流域水环境规划中建立各层次模型．并以府河流域为例，通过对该流域中不同断面水质状况排序，确定其水质优劣次序，为污染优先控制奠定基础。     

官厅水库入库水生物接触A/O工艺低温试验研究

试验表明,生物接触A/O工艺可以在低温下稳定运行,对官厅水库入库水中NH₄⁺-N有较好的去除效果,对COD、TN均有一定的去除效果.当温度大幅下降时,在温度下降初期NH₄⁺-N去除率明显下降,但经过一段时间后,NH₄⁺-N去除率逐渐回升,并稳定在较高的去除率水平.在本试验条件下,0～5℃时,进水N₄⁺-N为10mg/L左右,NH₄⁺-N去除率最终稳定在95%以上,出水NH₄⁺-N稳定＜0.5mg/L.另外,温度变化对COD去除效果的影响不明显.镜检结果表明,在0～5℃条件下生物膜中的微生物仍具有较好的活性.     

陆地生态系统净第一性生产力过程模型研究综述

陆地生态系统净第一性生产力的模拟已从统计模型发展到过程模型时代。过程模型从机理上对植物的生物物理过程以及影响因子进行分析和模拟,理论框架完整,结构严谨。论文从植物器官、个体、冠层、景观以及区域等不同尺度对过程模型进行分析。近年来,由于遥感和GIS技术的支持,使得遥感过程模型融合了遥感及时、准确、宏观、多尺度的优势而成为当前生产力模型的主攻方向。遥感过程模型可实现生态系统NPP的及时模拟和动态监测,便捷、准确地反映NPP的时空变化格局。而在NPP建模过程中,尺度转换是所面临的一个重要问题。不同尺度模型间扩展时,需要采取相应的数学手段进行尺度转换,同时遥感和GIS技术提供了尺度转换的有力工具。综观我国NPP研究的发展,起步晚、发展快是其特点。虽然取得了大量的研究成果,但过程模型的建模方面还很不足,这是一个亟待解决的问题。     

低溶解氧污泥微膨胀节能方法在A/O中的试验验证

采用实际的生活污水,在A/O系统中验证了低溶解氧污泥微膨胀节能理论与方法.结果表明,A/O系统在微膨胀运行期间SVI值能稳定维持在150～230 mL/g之间,单纯低溶解氧不会造成污泥沉降性能的严重恶化.相对于高溶解氧、污泥沉降性能良好时的运行情况,微膨胀期间COD和总氮去除率略有升高,分别为86%和63%,氨氮去除率略有下降,平均为70%,且约有10%～25%的氮可通过同步硝化反硝化去除.丝状菌的网捕作用使出水的SS浓度明显减低,出水浊度低于3 NTU.维持DO=0.5 mg/L所需的理论供气量相对DO=2.0 mg/L时可节约17%,对实际的小试结果比较发现可节约57%的曝气量.     

斜发沸石在废水处理中的应用研究进展

天然斜发沸石是一种廉价矿物,经改性后可有效去除废水中氨氮、有机物、重金属离子、砷及放射性物质,并可用作杀菌剂。文章简述了天然斜发沸石的主要改性技术,并着重论述了近年来天然斜发沸石及各种改性斜发沸石在废水处理中的应用研究动态。同时,展望了其应用前景,探讨了目前应用斜发沸石处理废水时仍亟待解决的一些问题。     

MBR-RO组合工艺污水回收中试研究

以A2/O-MBR为预处理工艺,构建了MBR-RO组合系统并用于城市污水的直接处理与回收,考察了MBR工艺作为RO预处理的可行性,评价了RO膜的出水水质,分析了不同操作条件对RO膜的渗透性能及膜污染的影响.研究表明,RO出水平均值为TOC＜1.3 mg/L、NH 4-N＜0.03 mg/L、TN＜0.1 mg/L,TP未检出,电导率和浊度分别小于30μS/cm和0.12 NTU,MBR出水中的无机离子已被RO完全截留,MBR-RO系统具有很高的污染物降解能力和脱盐能力,其出水水质可达饮用水水质标准.MBR作为RO的预处理是完全可行的,连续6个多月的运行中RO膜污染表现不严重.     

絮体性能及其工艺调控的研究与进展

絮体结构和强度特征是絮凝过程的重要参数.在简要回顾絮体分形结构研究的基础上,对絮体结构与强度的测定方法、絮体结构形成的影响因素及其工艺调控的研究进展进行了概括性介绍.结合部分实验研究,着重讨论了水力条件对于絮体性能的影响和絮体重组、历史的演化机理,结果表明,逐步增强的水力剪切条件有助于改善絮体的结构和强度.     

全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3) Ⅰ:建模机理及数学表征

在充分分析活性污泥系统中生物反应机理的基础上,建立了活性污泥系统生物去除营养物质的细观机理模型--全耦合活性污泥模型(Fully Coupled Activated Sludge Model No.3,简称FCASM3).FCASM3将系统中微生物划分为8类菌群,包含31种组分、72个子过程;该模型的主要特点是将活性污泥系统中的微生物进一步细化,充分考虑了系统中微生物间的相互作用.FCASM3引入了硝化-反硝化过程中的中间产物亚硝酸盐.实现了对两步硝化-反硝化过程的模拟;FCASM3不仅包含聚糖菌的有关生物反应过程,而且还考虑了聚磷菌(非反硝化聚磷菌和反硝化聚磷菌)以及聚糖菌的厌氧维持过程,为直接体现温度对生物反应的影响,FCASM3将温度作为一个变量直接耦合到生物反应速率方程中.     

Scaling range sizes to threats for robust predictions of risks to biodiversity

Assessments of risk to biodiversity often rely on spatial distributions of species and ecosystems. Range‐size metrics used extensively in these assessments, such as area of occupancy (AOO), are sensitive to measurement scale, prompting proposals to measure them at finer scales or at different scales based on the shape of the distribution or ecological characteristics of the biota. Despite its dominant role in red‐list assessments for decades, appropriate spatial scales of AOO for predicting risks of species’ extinction or ecosystem collapse remain untested and contentious. There are no quantitative evaluations of the scale‐sensitivity of AOO as a predictor of risks, the relationship between optimal AOO scale and threat scale, or the effect of grid uncertainty. We used stochastic simulation models to explore risks to ecosystems and species with clustered, dispersed, and linear distribution patterns subject to regimes of threat events with different frequency and spatial extent. Area of occupancy was an accurate predictor of risk (0.81<|r|<0.98) and performed optimally when measured with grid cells 0.1–1.0 times the largest plausible area threatened by an event. Contrary to previous assertions, estimates of AOO at these relatively coarse scales were better predictors of risk than finer‐scale estimates of AOO (e.g., when measurement cells are <1% of the area of the largest threat). The optimal scale depended on the spatial scales of threats more than the shape or size of biotic distributions. Although we found appreciable potential for grid‐measurement errors, current IUCN guidelines for estimating AOO neutralize geometric uncertainty and incorporate effective scaling procedures for assessing risks posed by landscape‐scale threats to species and ecosystems.     

Essential hazard and process safety assessment of para-toluene sulfonic acid through calorimetry and advanced thermokinetics

Para-toluene sulfonic acid is a typical intermediary for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes and is a catalyst for organic synthesis. The consumption of para-toluene sulfonic acid used in organic synthesis has increased substantially. The toluene sulfonation process is the central path for synthesizing para-toluene sulfonic acid in China. However, the process has risks and has resulted in numerous disasters. This study utilized a reaction calorimeter 1 to reproduce the commercial toluene sulfonation process in a laboratory. The para-toluene sulfonic acid product was examined with an accelerating rate calorimeter and through differential scanning calorimetry. Both differential and integral isoconversional methods were used to determine the thermal stability of and appropriate thermokinetic models for para-toluene sulfonic acid. The safety parameters of para-toluene sulfonic acid were estimated. The research findings can be used for optimization of the toluene sulfonation process and for safe handling of para-toluene sulfonic acid.