两种新型装药工艺

针对常用装药工艺装药密度不均这一特点,对常用装药工艺进行改进,采用了双向压药和压力注装装药工艺,理论和实验证明改进后的装药工艺在操作的方便上和药柱质量上均有明显提高,达到了较为理想的效果.     

Fractionation of radionuclide species in the environment

Naturally occurring and artificially produced radionuclides in the environment may be present in different physico-chemical forms (i.e., radionuclide species) varying in size (nominal molecular mass), charge properties and valence, oxidation state, structure and morphology, density, degree of complexation, etc. Low molecular mass (LMM) species are believed to be mobile and potentially bioavailable, while high molecular mass (HMM) species such as colloids, polymers, pseudocolloids and particles are considered inert. Due to time-dependent transformation processes such as mobilisation of radionuclide species from solid phases or interactions of mobile and reactive radionuclide species with components in soils and sediments, the original distribution of radionuclides deposited in ecosystems will change over time. To assess the environmental impact from radionuclide contamination, information on radionuclide species deposited, interactions within affected ecosystems and the time-dependent distribution of radionuclide species influencing mobility and biological uptake is essential. The development of speciation techniques to characterize radionuclide species in waters, soils and sediments should therefore be essential for improving the prediction power of impact and risk assessment models. The present paper reviews available fractionation techniques which can be utilised for radionuclide speciation purposes.     

双室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能

构建了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并应用于污水BOD的检测。优化了MFC型BOD传感器的检测条件,分析了传感器进行污水BOD检测的特征。结果表明,以A2/O污水处理工艺中厌氧段污泥进行接种,双室MFC型BOD传感器2周内完成启动,所产电流达到稳定。传感器的最佳检测条件为外接电阻500Ω,添加缓冲溶液并维持待测水样pH为7.0,添加35 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸作为吸氧剂维持阳极室厌氧环境,阴极室富氧水流量为20 mL/min。利用MFC产生的电流峰值准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,传感器检测范围为10~50 mg/L,检测时间小于3 h;利用MFC产生的电荷量准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,检测范围为10~100 mg/L,检测时间小于10 h。利用MFC电流峰值和电荷量检测污水水样BOD浓度,偏差均小于15%,传感器运行稳定,寿命较长。     

高能-钝感复合装药结构冲击波感度数值模拟

为得到复合装药结构对冲击波感度的响应情况,采用显式有限元程序AUTODYN对高能炸药和钝感炸药的复合结构进行隔板试验的数值模拟。分析被发药柱内部的压力时程曲线,并据此判定是否发生爆轰,继而得到反映冲击波感度的隔板值。模拟结果显示复合结构尺寸与冲击波感度的非线性关系,拟合得到的公式可为工程中装药结构设计提供参考依据。这种结构用于战斗部装填设计,能够提高战斗部在冲击波载荷下的安全性。     

pH值对活性污泥胞外聚合物分子结构和表面特征影响研究

为明确胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）对污水污泥性质的影响机制,通过改变pH值,考察了市政废水和饮料废水2种活性污泥胞外聚合物组分变化,采用红外光谱对比分析了pH值对EPS分子结构的影响,并通过胶体滴定测定其表面电荷,最终结合活性污泥提取EPS前后扫描电子显微镜观察,从宏观上佐证了表面特性和分子结构分析.结果表明,强酸条件下（pH 3）,可提取EPS比中性条件下时下降50%,其中多糖下降约30%,蛋白质下降约65%～70%;在强碱条件下（pH 11）,可提取EPS比pH 7时升高20%～30%,其中多糖升高约15%,蛋白质升高20%～50%.红外光谱分析表明,羟基在强酸强碱条件下均发生了变化,羧酸、多聚糖、酚类和蛋白质肽键在强酸条件下（pH 3）消失;胶体滴定结果表明,2种污泥提取EPS表面负电荷随pH上升而下降;扫描电镜分析表明,相对于碱性条件下,酸性条件使活性污泥中微生物细胞更易于破碎.pH值可改变活性污泥EPS组分、浓度以及其中基团组成,从而改变EPS表面特性,最终导致污泥状态改变.     

排污收费制度执行程序探讨

论述了我国现行的排污收费制度的执行程序,指出了实践中存在的一些问题,并对完善执法程序、提高监理部门的法律地位等,提出了建议和措施。     

高密度电荷阳离子聚电解质对油污泥的混凝性能

采用酯交换反应合成高密度电荷阳离子质（粘均分子量２６０×１０＾４和电荷密度４５％）,通过对油污泥的混凝处理试验,实验油、水与泥渣三相分层,油品回收率达到８５％,分离出的水达到工业排放要求,机理研究表明,高密度电荷阳离子聚电解质不权可以使粘土颗粒表面Ｚｅｔａ电位中和到０ｍＶ,而且有效地絮凝清除了粒径在２０μｍ以下的微细颗粒。     

一种带中心孔的密实随行装药内弹道数值计算及分析

目的 推进密实随行装药技术工程化应用的进程,提出一种带中心孔的密实随行装药结构方案.方法 针对该方案建立相应的内弹道模型,计算得到不同装药量、不同点火延迟时间条件下随行装药内弹道性能的变化情况.结果 受燃尽性约束,端面燃烧型随行装药药柱设计高度有限,内弹道性能提升较小.在随行药柱燃速不变的条件下,带中心孔的随行装药可有...     

大口径火炮身管寿命提升技术探讨

介绍了关于身管寿命研究的国内外发展现状、趋势和差距,论述了身管寿命的定义与评定标准。基于一般身管寿命预测方法,从发射装药、身管材料、身管发射负载、身管内膛表面强化等方面,分析了身管寿命的影响因素,确定了热作用、化学作用、机械作用、膛压作用的影响因素,提出了包括身管内膛镀铬技术在内的身管寿命提升需要解决的问题和关键技术,以及初步技术措施,并详细论述了身管内膛镀铬技术方案与技术途径,提出了达到世界先进水平的身管寿命提升技术发展目标,指出了身管寿命提升技术的发展趋势等,为今后身管寿命提升技术研究提供技术参考。     

Combustion features under different center of heat release of a diesel engine using dimethyl carbonate/diesel blend

Experiments were performed in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine that adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. Combustion features of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel blends under various centers of heat release (COHRs) were revealed in details. With retarding of COHR, all the peaks of pressure and pressure rise rate and bulk gas temperature are postponed and declined in sequence. Normally, the crank angle of peak pressure is quite close to the COHR, while the peak of bulk gas temperature appears about 7°CA after COHR as a rule. The prolongation can be demonstrated at every stage of combustion such as q₁₀ and q₉₀ with the COHR being put backward. In addition, the heat release of diesel is completely slower than that of D10 fuel at various stages. Unfortunately, retarding of COHR implies a declining thermal efficiency of engines as well as a higher cyclic variation in general. Nevertheless, D10 blend has higher thermal efficiency than diesel thanks to high oxygen content of DMC and low boiling point that prompts better fuel atomization and complete combustion. Meanwhile, the cyclical variation of D10 is greater than diesel fuel owing to the low heat value, high latent heat of vaporization, and poor flammability of DMC. As a total, a comprehensive understanding of PCCI combustion features under different COHRs can be conducive to conducting effective management of combustion process and manipulating the subsequent emission performance to a favorable level.