化工园区重大事故风险分析

目前我国对化工园区风险分析的理论研究尚处于起步阶段.针对化工园区这一特殊区域,从整体角度出发,分析研究了化工园区内多个重大事故风险源造成的区域风险,并进行了实例应用.综合考虑多个重大事故风险源产生的风险,分析了其产生风险的叠加效应,绘制出化工园区的个人风险等值线;同时根据ALARP(合理可接受风险水平)准则对化工园区的...     

系统安全投入与事故率可能性边界模型研究

安全科学是一门新兴的交叉学科,根据安全科学的哲学原理和安全科学基本理论,结合经济学原理,分析安全投入与事故率的规律,在此基础上建立安全投人与事故率可能性边界模型,即“P-S”模型。详细分析和描述了“P—S”模型中各参数的安全意义,推导出“P—S”模型的基本表达式,并定量分析了表达式中参数的取值情况,得出系统存在合理安全投入区间、最佳安全投入和最佳安全经济效益事故率。通过分析发现模型可以客观反应系统的安全投入与事故率之间的对立统一规律,安全投入与事故率“P—S”模型的研究对科学、有效的进行安全投入,提高系统的安全效益和经济效益,降低事故率具有一定的意义。     

Investigation on the role of traffic volume in accidents on urban highways

Introduction

Roadway safety is a major concern for the general public and public agencies, as roadway crashes claim many lives and cause substantial economic loss each year. In Iran, a large number of vehicles are involved in road accidents each year, which cause many deaths and extensive property damage; such accidents are among the major causes of death and disability in the country. Method: To reduce roadway accidents, the factors that affect the occurrence and severity of accidents should be scrutinized to prevent or reduce their effect. The method that many researchers have adopted to determine the effective parameters surrounding road accidents in recent years is through statistical modeling of accidents. In this article, the role of different kinds of vehicles in traffic flow are investigated separately in terms of the likelihood of crashes on urban highways, and the vehicles are divided into three groups: passenger cars, heavy vehicles, and light non-passenger car vehicles. Poisson and negative binomial (NB) regression models were applied to model the accidents in this research, which were categorized into two groups: no injury (property damage only) accidents and more severe (injury and fatal) accidents. Results: Ultimately, we conclude that light non-passenger car vehicles (i.e., taxis and motorcycles) play the largest role in the occurrence of crashes on urban highways for both types of accidents.     

基于统计数据的全国火灾形势综合评价与预测

为综合评价我国的火灾形势,掌握火灾发生、发展规律,根据改革开放以来3个不同时间段的火灾统计数据,运用多元统计分析方法,借助统计软件,对火灾数据进行深层次的分析和研究。同时,针对火灾事故的特点,根据灰色理论的原理和特性,建立了火灾事故灰色系统预测模型,预测了2009年我国的火灾发生状况。结果表明:我国的火灾形势从总体上呈现出火灾发生起数上升中趋于平稳,火灾损失和人员伤亡平稳发展中有所降低的趋势。灰色系统理论模型预测结果同实际状况基本吻合,能够对全国的火灾形势进行综合评价,为消防安全管理部门探究火灾规律提供必要的理论支持。     

Least cost electricity generation options based on environmental impact abatement

The power sector in Thailand is the largest contributor to CO₂ emissions. There is high potential to mitigate CO₂ emission via alternative power generating plants. Alternative plants considered in this study include nuclear plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, biomass-based plants and supercritical thermal power plants. The biomass-based plants considered here are fueled with four types of biomass; paddy husk, municipal solid waste (MSW), fuel wood and corncob. The methodology for the optimal expansion plan of the power generating system over the planning horizon is based on the least-cost approach. The results from the least-cost planning analyses show that the nuclear alternative has the highest potential to mitigate not only CO₂ but also other airborne emissions. Moreover, the nuclear option is the most effective abatement strategy for CO₂ reduction due to its negative incremental cost of CO₂ reduction.     

基于灰色关联分析的LNG接收终端人因事故辨识方法

陆岸LNG接收终端是LNG海上进口系统中的重要设施。针对我国LNG接收终端人因事故不断增多的现状，基于航空事故调查分析中的HFACS事故致因分析模型，将人因事故的影响因素归纳为个人因素、人际因素、环境因素、监督因素和组织因素五大类，结合灰色理论中的灰色关联分析，得到了LNG接收终端人因事故辨识方法。最后，运用该方法对某LNG接收终端人因事故进行辨识，通过灰关联度的计算，找出其最主要的不安全事件来自“个人因素”中的个人“安全意识不强”。此方法克服了小样本事故数据带来的弊端，对保障LNG接收终端的安全运行具有一定的指导意义。     

Survey-based analysis on the diffusion of evacuation advisory warnings during regional evacuations for accidents that release toxic vapors: A case study

This paper analyzes the diffusion of evacuation advisory warnings during regional evacuations for accidents that release toxic vapors. Investigations results on the propagation of evacuation advisory warnings in the ‘4.16’ chlorine release and the explosion accident at Chongqing Tianyuan Chemical Factory in China, and a comparison analysis of the evacuation notification process of six typical leakage accidents are presented in this paper. After conducting the evacuation notification investigation on the ‘4.16’ accident, in which 401 valid questionnaires were collected from people who should have evacuated during the accident, the methods and channels of the evacuation notification, the notification efficiency, and the actual response efficiency of the recipients after the issuing of the evacuation advisory warnings were analyzed. A comparison analysis of the evacuation notification process is performed by analyzing six typical leakage accidents, and basic principles of evacuation notification for a regional evacuation for toxic vapor release accidents are proposed.     

Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic Ocean. the Consequences of Past Dumping and Opportunities for Future Prevention

The view is expressed that the assessment of disposal of nuclear waste in the ocean (specifically the Arctic and Kara Seas) is critical to understanding Arctic pollution. Much needs to be done in deciding what we should do, even though many wastes are long-standing and persistent. in 1993, disclosures about Russian dumping of submarine nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel, and other radioactive wastes into the Arctic Ocean brought this region and its problems into the world spotlight and raised public concerns about the resulting health and environmental risks. As a result of this concern, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment published a 1995 study, Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 1995). This paper summarises and updates that study.     

皮带运输机伤害事故的预防探讨

分析了冶金企业皮带运输机在生产中发生人身伤害事故的原因，探讨了事故发生的规律，从管理、技术等方面提出了防范措施。     

The System Dynamics of Nuclear Energy in Singapore

In this article, a system dynamics model is developed to study the complex issues involving nuclear energy in Singapore by assessing four essential aspects, namely (1) Economic, (2) Environment, (3) Social, and (4) Political in various scenarios. The first factor juxtaposes the monetary benefit from deploying nuclear energy with the current situation. The second deals with carbon dioxide emission, nuclear waste, and thermal pollution from nuclear power plant. The third part discusses the safety and social acceptance toward nuclear project, and the last section analyzes the political stability in provision of nuclear energy advent. The proposed system dynamic model incorporates all four components that allow us to run sensitivity analysis based on various scenarios and enables us to gain insight in how each domain evolves with time. Based on the model, we present advantages and disadvantages of possessing nuclear power plants in Singapore and suggest remedies to rectify the drawbacks.