建立林业生产事故应急救援体系的必要性

阐述了林业安全生产的特点、现状及水平,分析了我国林业生产事故应急救援与发达国家的差距,提出了建立林业生产事故应急救援体系的必要性。     

欧美工业事故防护服标准体系

国外防护装备涵盖了非消防人员配备的事故防护装备,主要用于现场应急处理时配备使用。工业事故类防护服标准体系包括产品标准与相应的检测检验方法标准,对工业事故类防护服提出了特殊的性能要求与检测评估方法。了解国外工业事故类防护服标准体系,有助于我国工业事故应急防护领域的发展。     

建设项目竣工环保验收环境风险检查中的问题及对策

环境风险检查是建设项目竣工环保验收的一项重要内容,但在实际工作中,由于缺乏相应指标体系和标准规范的支持,通常被简化甚至忽略。针对目前中国环境污染事故频发现状,指出应进一步强化环境风险检查的重要地位,启动项目环境风险验收,并对相关技术规范、标准等的制定方法及内容提出了具体建议。     

Gamma dose measurement in dwellings of Agastheeswaram Taluk of Kanyakumari district, lying 30 km Radius from Kudankulam nuclear power plant site

Most of the building materials contain naturally occurring radioactive elements, the most important of which are potassium ⁴⁰K and the members of two natural radioactive series, which can be represented by the isotopes of thorium ²³²Th and Uranium ²³⁸U. The presence of these radioisotopes in the materials causes external exposure to the people who live in the building. In addition, the disintegration of Uranium ²³⁸U increases the concentration of radon gas ²²²Rn and of its daughters in the house. So a systematic indoor gamma dose measurement has been performed in the dwellings of Agastheeswaram Taluk of Kanyakumari district, which is lying within the 30 km radius from the upcoming Kudankulam nuclear power plant site. The geometric mean of annual absorbed dose from gamma radiation in dwellings has been found to be 278 nGyh⁻¹. The seasonal variation of indoor gamma dose measurements has also been studied. Significant differences have been observed in dwellings built of different materials such as concrete, tiled, etc.     

核电厂应急监测能力评估指标体系构建

基于核电厂应急监测的任务、内容、区域、范围等因素,结合我国相关法规、标准要求,建立了核电厂应急监测能力评估指标体系。该体系以监测组织机构和人员的协调性、监测设施和设备的有效性、监测程序和方法的可行性、监测数据质量和应用的可靠性为一级指标,下设10个二级指标和35个三级指标。采用层次分析法对一、二级指标权重作评估,采用比例分配法对三级指标赋值,得到核电厂应急监测能力的总体评价。     

Multicriteria Relocation Analysis of an Off-site Radioactive Monitoring Network for a Nuclear Power Plant

Due to increasing environmental consciousness in most countries, every utility that owns a commercial nuclear power plant has been required to have both an on-site and off-site emergency response plan since the 1980s. A radiation monitoring network, viewed as part of the emergency response plan, can provide information regarding the radiation dosage emitted from a nuclear power plant in a regular operational period and/or abnormal measurements in an emergency event. Such monitoring information might help field operators and decision-makers to provide accurate responses or make decisions to protect the public health and safety. This study aims to conduct an integrated simulation and optimization analysis looking for the relocation strategy of a long-term regular off-site monitoring network at a nuclear power plant. The planning goal is to downsize the current monitoring network but maintain its monitoring capacity as much as possible. The monitoring sensors considered in this study include the thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) and air sampling system (AP) simultaneously. It is designed for detecting the radionuclide accumulative concentration, the frequency of violation, and the possible population affected by a long-term impact in the surrounding area regularly while it can also be used in an accidental release event. With the aid of the calibrated Industrial Source Complex–Plume Rise Model Enhancements (ISC-PRIME) simulation model to track down the possible radionuclide diffusion, dispersion, transport, and transformation process in the atmospheric environment, a multiobjective evaluation process can be applied to achieve the screening of monitoring stations for the nuclear power plant located at Hengchun Peninsula, South Taiwan. To account for multiple objectives, this study calculated preference weights to linearly combine objective functions leading to decision-making with exposure assessment in an optimization context. Final suggestions should be useful for narrowing the set of scenarios that decision-makers need to consider in this relocation process.     

Injury severity analysis of accidents involving young male drivers in Great Britain

Introduction

Young male drivers are over-represented in traffic accidents; they were involved in 14% of fatal accidents from 1991 to 2003 while holding only 8% of all drivers licenses in the UK. In this study, a subset of the UK national road accident data from 1991 to 2003 has been analyzed. The primary aim is to determine how to best use monetary and progressive resources to understand how road safety measures will reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers in both London and Great Britain.

Method

Ordered probit models were used to identify specific accident characteristics that increase the likelihood of one of three categorical outcomes of accident severity: slight, serious, or fatal.

Results

Characteristics found to lead to a higher likelihood of serious and fatal injuries are generally similar across Great Britain and London but are different from those predicted to lead to a higher likelihood of slight injuries. Those characteristics predicted to lead to serious and fatal injuries include driving in darkness, between Friday and Sunday, on roads with a speed limit of 60 mph, on single carriageways, overtaking, skidding, hitting an object off the carriageway, and when passing the site of a previous accident. Characteristics predicted to lead to slight injuries include driving in daylight, between Monday and Thursday, on roads with a speed limit of 30 mph or less, at a roundabout, waiting to move, and when an animal is on the carriageway.

Impact on Industry

These results aid the selection of policy options that are most likely to reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers.     

储罐爆炸碎片最可能抛射距离的Monte-Carlo(蒙特卡罗)数值模拟

在总结前人工作的基础上,推导了储罐爆炸碎片抛射距离的理论计算公式,并给出具体的计算方法;分析了计算参数的不确定性,同时介绍用Monte-Carlo方法模拟高压储罐爆炸时碎片抛射距离的算法;在数值模拟结果的基础上,计算了碎片抛射距离的分布函数和概率密度函数,引入最可能抛射距离的概念,并指出可以用此来确定碎片抛射的危害范围。该方法对于定量评价储罐爆炸碎片危害性,减缓和控制碎片产生的风险,具有重要的意义。     

上海市企业环境污染事故应急预案完备性研究

在分析企业环境污染事故应急预案编写完备性的基础上,从企业基本情况、潜在事故风险、预防与预警、应急响应和应急保障5方面构建企业环境污染事故应急预案编制完备性评估指标体系,评估了2006—2008年间上海市120家企业编制的环境污染事故应急预案。其结果表明:企业编制的环境污染事故应急预案总体完备性较差;不同企业预案编制的完备性差异明显;编制完备性较好的企业数量少;在所构建的评估指标体系中,不同指标项所占百分比相差悬殊等;最后提出了改进建议。