核燃料元件生产线含铀废物源头控制实践

针对早期核燃料元件生产线自身所固有的不足,本文从工艺选择、厂房优化以及运行控制3个方面入手,就CJNF开展的一系列含铀废物源头控制实践进行介绍,旨在说明源头控制在废物最小化管理实践中的重要作用,为后期含铀废物源头控制方法持续应用和技术提升提供基础支撑。     

基于C4ISRE系统的核电站大气核污染扩散轨迹系统仿真研究

为了在核污染事故处理时提供精细化预警,以辽宁省某核电站周边部分重要目标（大衣屯、大周屯、红沿河镇、驼山乡、西杨乡、复大线应急撤离线路）为研究对象,将环境保护指挥自动化系统C4ISRE（Command,Control,Communications,Computer,Intelligence,Surveillance,Reconnaissance,Environmental Impact Assessment）与HYSPLIT 4.9模型相耦合,采用NCEP（美国国家环境预报中心）的FNL全球气象数据对核污染扩散轨迹进行仿真研究.结果表明:自模拟初始时间2014-04-01T00:00:00.00开始,进、出大衣屯边界时间分别为00:06:16.560、00:06:49.000,历时31.340 s;由西向东横穿过大周屯,进、出时间分别为于00:06:16.56到达大衣屯北部边界,于00:06:46.90扩散出大衣屯边界,经过大衣屯区域耗时共计29.00 s;核污染气团于00:15:30.85到达大周屯上空500 m处,由西向东横穿过大周屯,于00:15:46.05离开大周屯上空,过程耗时15.20 s;核污染气团于00:32:14.25经过重要应急撤离线路2（复大线）,全程耗时32 min 14.25 s.核污染气团与从2014-04-01T00:00:00.000进入红沿河镇上空500 m区域,于00:24:27.00扩散出,全程历时24 min 27.00 s;进、出驼山乡上空500 m区域的时间分别为00:24:28、00:51:00,历时26 min 32.00 s;进、出西杨乡上空的时间分别为00:51:01、01:05:4.70,历时14 min 37.00 s;重点区域大衣屯和大周屯行政区的预警时间分别为376.56、930.85 s,重点撤离线路2区域预警时间为1934.25 s.      

A systems approach to extraordinarily major coal mine accidents in China from 1997 to 2011: an application of the HFACS approach

This study aimed to provide a greater understanding of the systemic factors involved in coal mine accidents and to examine the relationships between the contributing factors across all levels of the system. Ninety-four extraordinarily major coal mine accidents that occurred in China from 1997 to 2011 were analyzed using the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS). The empirical results showed that the frequencies of unsafe behaviors, inadequate regulation and failure to correct hidden dangers were the highest among five levels, 14 categories and 48 indicators, respectively. The odds ratio technique was applied to quantitatively examine the relationships between contributing factors. Various statistically significant associations were discovered and should receive greater attention in future attempts to develop accident measures. In addition, several strategies concerning the main contributing factors and routes to failure are proposed to prevent accidents from reoccurring in an organization.     

基于SNA的重特大道路交通事故风险指标体系构建

为加强对重特大道路交通事故的控制和预防,从95份重特大道路交通事故调查报告中提取相关数据,运用社会网络分析（SNA）构建重特大道路交通事故原因间的关系网络。通过社会网络相关指标,找到导致事故的关键原因,以及哪些原因组合导致事故的能力最强,得到重特大道路交通事故原因特征。建立重特大道路交通事故风险指标体系,并通过实例分析验证指标体系的合理性。研究结果可以进一步加深对重特大道路交通事故原因以及彼此间相互作用关系的认识,风险指标体系的建立可为重特大道路交通事故的预防预警工作提供参考。     

A capping technique for emergency response in offshore blowout accidents

Capping stack is an emergency shut-in technique that can effectively control offshore blowout accidents. This technique stemmed the spilled oil well (Macondo) in 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout accident. However, few efforts have been devoted to studying the way to efficiently and safely conduct the operation of capping stack. In this paper, program evaluation and review technique (PERT) was employed to quantitatively design the operation procedure of capping stack. A mechanical model was established to determine the configuration scheme of capping stack. And a sensitivity analysis of operational factors of capping stack was conducted through orthogonal tests. Experimental results recommend to optimize the operation process by reducing the working time of diamond cutting tool down-pass, Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) upper riser incision, LMRP and original Blowout Preventer (BOP) separation, and LMRP recovery, in order to guarantee that the whole operation can be completed as scheduled. The results show that the number of ram BOPs has little effect on the equivalent stress of conductors. To improve system reliability, a five-ram capping stack is recommended to be applied in the defined accident scenario. The maximum equivalent stress of conductors rates the drilling vessel offset as the primary factor, followed by shut-in pressure, ocean current and top tension. The drilling vessel offset needs to be given the priority control and the shut-in pressure should be jointly monitored.     

我国劳动安全监察机构设置探讨与遏制事故的建议

本文运用实践中的实例，阐述了我国劳动安全监察机构设置中存在的问题和多头分散的安全管理所带来的弊端，呼吁顺应市场经济的发展和伤亡事故多发的趋势，尽快建立一个独立于生产部门的、具有第三者身份的、由国家垂直领导与管理的安全监督检查管理机构，遏制不断上升的事故趋势。     

大亚湾核电站运转前及运转后大鹏澳海域水质状况评价

根据大亚湾核电站运转前及运转后对大亚湾大鹏澳海域的监测资料，选用ｐＨ，ＤＯ，ＣＯＤＭｎ，ＴＩＮ，ＰＯ４－Ｐ和Ｃｈｌ．ａ为评价因子，以水质质量综合系数（ＷＱＩ）为模式，评价了大鹏澳海域水体质量状况。综合评价的结果显示，大鹏澳海域水体质量，在核电站运转前及运转后，冬，夏季节均属清洁水平。     

我国核能利用与能源可持续发展探讨

阐述了我国目前的能源利用状况，火电与核电对环境影响的比较，核废物的处理技术及核电的安全性等，指出大力发展高效清洁的核电是我国实施可持续发展战略的必然要求。     

Environmental cleanup: The challenge at the Hanford Site,Washington, USA

Numerous challenges face those involved with developing a coordinated and consistent approach to cleaning up the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Hanford Site in southeastern Washington. These challenges are much greater than those encountered when the site was selected and the world’s first nuclear complex was developed almost 50 years ago. This article reviews Hanford’s history, operations, waste storage/disposal activities, environmental monitoring, and today’s approach to characterize and clean up Hanford under a Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order, signed by DOE, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Washington Sate Department of Ecology. Although cleanup of defense-related waste at Hanford holds many positive benefits, negative features include high costs to the US taxpayer, numerous uncertainties concerning the technologies to be employed and the risks involved, and the high probability that special interest groups and activists at large will never be completely satisfied. Issues concerning future use of the site, whether to protect and preserve its natural features or open it to public exploitation, remain to be resolved.