中蒙边境典型草原可燃物热解动力学研究

以中蒙边境(包括东乌旗、 二连浩特市、 新巴尔虎右旗)的草原可燃物为研究对象,利用STA 6000热重分析仪,采用热重分析法以5 ml/min,10 ml/min,20 ml/min,30 ml/min的氧气为载气,在空气气氛下,升温速率分别为40℃/min,60℃/min,80℃/min时对三个地区草原可燃物的热失重...     

中图法(第四版)环境科学类目修改问题初探

中图法(第四版)自1999年出版以来,环境科学发生了突飞猛进的变化,因此应着手修改,建议如下:环境科学类目不应包括灾害及其防治,集中可持续发展类目并单列,生态保护类目应单列,增设循环经济类目,环境管理类目中增设ISO14000环境管理体系等等.     

建立区域ISO14000环境管理体系的研究

ISO14000环境管理体系是20世纪90年代以来国际标准化组织制定和发布的一系列环境管理标准,自体系建立以来各国企业纷纷开展ISO14000认证.从区域的开发造成对环境的影响入手,以上海某工业园区为例,提出了区域建立ISO14000环境管理体系的思路环境因素评估-确定重大环境因素-制定环境管理方案-解决环境问题.通过区域建立环境管理体系与企业相比较,归纳出建立区域环境管理体系的意义及特点,是对区域建立环境管理体系的一种探索.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix combined with regional integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis was used to investigate the composition and transformation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from landfill. The EEMs of HAs at different landfill ages were characterized by two typical fluorescence chromophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 420-470 nm/Em = 490-530 nm and Ex = 345-375 nm/Em = 450-465 nm. EEMs of FA were featured by other two distinctly different fluorophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 315-335 nm/Em = 420-440 nm and Ex = 255-275 nm/Em = 425-455 nm. The results show that HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1989 was formed by connecting small-condensed aromatic structures with protein-like chains. Compared with HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1992, HA extracted from the refuse of 1996 had a higher fluorescence intensity and lower r_(B,A) (the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of peak B and peak A) value. It contained low molar mass components, low aromatic condensation degree, and more easily oxidized substituents. This indicates that the landfill time strongly affects the EEMs characteristics of HA, and that the humification degree of HA increases with the landfill time. A red shift to a longer wavelength region and an increase of fluorescence intensity were observed when the concentration of HA was increased, suggesting that concentration had a great influence on the fluorescence characteristics of HAs. pH (2-12) also had significant effects on the fluorescence intensity, although it exerted no effect on the peak position of fluorescence of HA and FA. The results of FRI show that increasing concentration lead to more interactions among various structure components and that small molecular weight units tend to aggregate or be masked into more complicated and larger structures. The pH influence on the fluorescence intensity of HA seems mainly through molecular configuration, while the fluorescence intensity change with pH may be due to various substituents of FA.     

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WHO SHOULD LEAD,WHO SHOULD PAY?1

ABSTRACT: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.     

国际贸易中的环境要项

环境要素在流动性决定了国际间环境与贸易的紧密联系。随着世界快速的经济一体化，将环境要项纳入国际贸易的规范、条款已势在必行。文章分析了环境成本内在化和ＩＳＯ１４０００的实质，它们的内在联系及在国际贸易中的作用和影响，提出了将ＩＳＯ１４０００作为实施环境成本内在化的参照规则的合理、可行性。     

火炬松浆材建筑材林经营模型系统的研究

根据火炬松样地资料，建立火炬松林分生长模型、结构模型、商品材产量预估模型、营林措施(含间伐、施肥、整地、抚育等)效应模型及营林效益评估模型，构成火炬松纸浆材与建筑材林经营的模型系统，为火炬松纸浆材与建筑材林定向培育和优化决策提供了系列模型．     

环境安全的新挑战:经济全球化下环境污染转移

发达国家环境污染转移主要通过两种途径实现：一是产业投资转移，二是贸易转移。从国际环境污染转移的形式来看可能完全符合市场经济原则，但却明显具有不道德性和非持续性。本文基于环境安全面临现实挑战，简要分析了环境污染国际转移产生的途径与根源，并对我国在出口推动型的增长中如何不降低对外贸易的依赖程度而保持资源与环境的优化，提出了相应的可持续发展准则与对策。     

矿井风险评价基本模型研究与探讨

提出风险的绝对值和相对值的概念,探讨了如何合成事故发生可能性和事故后果严重程度这两个指标,如何确定多个评价单元的评价对象的风险等级划分等问题。     

台特玛湖流域水体溶解性有机质的光谱特征与来源解析

为探究台特玛湖水体水质超标原因,结合流域自然条件,以水中溶解性有机质(DOM)为研究对象,分析DOM的光谱特征和来源,通过平行因子分析(PARAFAC)和荧光区域积分分析(FRI)对台特玛湖流域水体DOM进行定性与定量分析。结果表明：PARAFAC识别出台特玛湖流域DOM中 4种主要荧光组分,分别为腐殖酸、类色氨酸、类酪氨酸(B峰和D峰),水体DOM主要组分为色氨酸类蛋白质和酪氨酸类蛋白质,占总体比例为66.57%,说明DOM来源主要以内源输入为主,腐殖化程度低;台特玛湖流域水体水质超标主要是因为尾闾湖的封闭性、面积大、高蒸发量且为浅水湖泊,导致个别水质指标不断富集;水体DOM各组分与TN和COD呈显著正相关,氟化物与矿化度之间呈显著正相关。本研究为台特玛湖水质超标提出的原因分析及建议措施可为台特玛湖流域水环境保护提供依据。