Application of continuous time random walk theory to nonequilibrium transport in soil

Continuous time random walk (CTRW) formulations have been demonstrated to provide a general and effective approach that quantifies the behavior of solute transport in heterogeneous media in field, laboratory, and numerical experiments. In this paper we first apply the CTRW approach to describe the sorbing solute transport in soils under chemical (or) and physical nonequilibrium conditions by curve-fitting. Results show that the theoretical solutions are in a good agreement with the experimental measurements. In case that CTRW parameters cannot be determined directly or easily, an alternative method is then proposed for estimating such parameters independently of the breakthrough curve data to be simulated. We conduct numerical experiments with artificial data sets generated by the HYDRUS-1D model for a wide range of pore water velocities (υ) and retardation factors (R) to investigate the relationship between CTRW parameters for a sorbing solute and these two quantities (υ, R) that can be directly measured in independent experiments. A series of best-fitting regression equations are then developed from the artificial data sets, which can be easily used as an estimation or prediction model to assess the transport of sorbing solutes under steady flow conditions through soil. Several literature data sets of pesticides are used to validate these relationships. The results show reasonable performance in most cases, thus indicating that our method could provide an alternative way to effectively predict sorbing solute transport in soils. While the regression relationships presented are obtained under certain flow and sorption conditions, the methodology of our study is general and may be extended to predict solute transport in soils under different flow and sorption conditions.     

Estimating the population size with a behavioral response in capture-recapture experiment

A new estimating procedure is suggested to estimate the population size in a capture-recapture experiment. The capture intensities for first-capture and recapture are allowed to be different and time dependent but they are assumed to be proportional. It is shown that the information on the proportionality constant is crucial to the estimation of the population size. Sensitivity analysis with a misspecification of the proportionality constant is conducted. The method has also been extended to the case with an unknown proportionality. A real example is given.     

Kin recognition in rainbowfish (Melanotaenia eachamensis): sex, sibs and shoaling

Living with relatives can be beneficial to individuals via the evolution of kin-directed altruism, but this is tempered by the increased risk of inbreeding. Therefore, in social species, the ability to recognise relatives can be highly advantageous. This study focuses on kin discrimination in the Lake Eacham rainbowfish, Melanotaenia eachamensis, an endangered freshwater species from north-east Queensland, Australia. First, I examined kin recognition abilities when a combination of both chemical and visual recognition cues was available. When given a choice of shoaling with same-sex groups, females spent significantly longer with full-sibs rather than half-sibs, full-sibs rather than non-relatives and half-sibs rather than non-relatives. Males spent significantly longer shoaling with full-brothers versus half-brothers, but showed no other shoalmate preferences. Second, in the presence of only chemical cues, females did not discriminate among groups of different levels of relatedness, but males showed a non-significant tendency to associate with full-sibs rather than non-relatives. Male shoaling behaviour seemed to be more influenced by factors other than relatedness, e.g. intra-sexual competition. Finally, I found that the shoaling preferences of females changed when exposed to groups of males. Females preferred to associate with non-relatives rather than half-brothers and non-relatives rather than full-brothers. There was no significant difference in the time spent with half-brothers versus full-brothers. Taken together, my results suggest that females have very good kin recognition abilities. They prefer to shoal with female relatives but avoid male relatives, and so are able to balance the benefits of nepotism and the costs of incest. Received: 2 May 2000 / Revised: 26 July 2000 / Accepted: 30 July 2000     

高温下石灰岩膨胀特性和力学特性的试验研究

利用自行研制的岩石高温装置和RMT-150C岩石力学试验机,对石灰岩试件在200~700°C高温双向约束条件下的膨胀特性和力学特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:升温过程中,随着温度的升高,石灰岩试件两个约束方向的膨胀应力在600°C前逐渐增加,600°C或650°C以后出现减小现象;石灰岩垂直层理方向的热膨胀应力大于平行层理方向的热膨胀应力。恒温过程中,600°C以前的试件两方向膨胀应力曲线都随时间延长呈平稳上升,但曲线斜率远远小于升温过程;恒温一定时间后,膨胀应力趋于该温度的一个稳定值。700°C恒温结束后,石灰岩两方向的膨胀应力小于恒温前的值,说明到一定温度后石灰岩已膨胀到极限。在试验温度范围内,石灰岩峰值应力随温度升高而降低,700°C时,峰值强度值比常温下降低了58.92%,说明高温对岩石的强度会产生明显的弱化作用。石灰岩峰值应变随温度升高先增加后减少,500°C前峰值应变增加,之后逐渐减小。由于受约束条件限制,在过高温度后,石灰岩内部裂隙部分闭合,空隙数量减少,致使一定温度后其热膨胀应力和峰值应变可能减小,但具体原因有待进一步研究。     

Impact of varying soil structure on transport processes in different diagnostic horizons of three soil types

When soil structure varies in different soil types and the horizons of these soil types, it has a significant impact on water flow and contaminant transport in soils. This paper focuses on the effect of soil structure variations on the transport of pesticides in the soil above the water table. Transport of a pesticide (chlorotoluron) initially applied on soil columns taken from various horizons of three different soil types (Haplic Luvisol, Greyic Phaeozem and Haplic Cambisol) was studied using two scenarios of ponding infiltration. The highest infiltration rate and pesticide mobility were observed for the Bt₁ horizon of Haplic Luvisol that exhibited a well-developed prismatic structure. The lowest infiltration rate was measured for the Bw horizon of Haplic Cambisol, which had a poorly developed soil structure and a low fraction of large capillary pores and gravitational pores. Water infiltration rates were reduced during the experiments by a soil structure breakdown, swelling of clay and/or air entrapped in soil samples. The largest soil structure breakdown and infiltration decrease was observed for the Ap horizon of Haplic Luvisol due to the low aggregate stability of the initially well-aggregated soil. Single-porosity and dual-permeability (with matrix and macropore domains) flow models in HYDRUS-1D were used to estimate soil hydraulic parameters via numerical inversion using data from the first infiltration experiment. A fraction of the macropore domain in the dual-permeability model was estimated using the micro-morphological images. Final soil hydraulic parameters determined using the single-porosity and dual-permeability models were subsequently used to optimize solute transport parameters. To improve numerical inversion results, the two-site sorption model was also applied. Although structural changes observed during the experiment affected water flow and solute transport, the dual-permeability model together with the two-site sorption model proved to be able to approximate experimental data.     

水葫芦压榨液厌氧发酵及其发酵液对青菜种子发芽和生长的影响

研究了水葫芦压榨液厌氧发酵过程物质的变化,分析了水葫芦压榨液的发酵液(简称发酵液)对青菜种子发芽及后续生长的影响.结果表明,厌氧发酵能显著降低压榨液中的COD,在厌氧发酵结束时,COD从5 377.0mg/L下降到730.0mg/L,下降86.4%;TN从126.6 mg/L下降到79.7 mg/L,氮素流失37.0%,且主要发生在厌氧发酵初期;TP从31.1 mg/L下降到25.0 mg/L,下降19.6%;发酵液中悬浮物(SS)和可溶性固体(DS)分别下降到719、600 mg/L.分别用蒸馏水、水葫芦压榨液和各阶段的发酵液(发酵时间分别为6、20、27、30 d)进行青菜种子发芽试验(历时10 d),平均发芽率分别达到79%、54%、51%、82%、87%、89%.在10 d的青菜苗生长时间内,平均苗高与发酵时间呈显著正相关,说明发酵液具有作为植物液体肥料使用的潜力.     

亚临界水技术处理厨余垃圾的比较研究

在亚临界实验条件下,以淀粉、纤维素类物质为模型化合物,H₂O₂为氧化剂,研究了厨余垃圾（大米、白菜）在亚临界水中部分氧化获取小分子有机酸的过程中处理时间、处理温度、加氧量对有机酸（甲酸、乙酸）生成的影响。以碳转化率为评价指标,确定反应最佳条件。实验结果表明：淀粉和纤维素分别在处理时间1～1.5 min,加氧量70%～100%,温度280℃;处理时间1～2 min,加氧量70%～100%,温度280～300℃条件下,生成有机酸浓度最大,达到最佳工艺条件。     

紧密型栅栏对风沙流影响的实验研究

开展了紧密型栅栏阻沙的野外观测实验,探讨栅栏对风沙流粒度组成及输沙量的影响。结果表明:受栅栏影响风沙流中大粒径沙粒含量降低,小颗粒含量增加;沙粒越过栅栏继续随气流运动的能力与其粒径相关,以0.1mm~0.075mm粒径穿越能力最强,随着粒径的增大或减小这种能力逐渐减弱;粒径1mm的沙粒则很难通过栅栏;沙粒沉积主要发生在在栅栏前端,以粒径0.1mm沙粒为主,占沉积沙土总量的80%强。     

电化学方法处理邻硝基氯苯的研究

实验研究了电化学对邻硝基氯苯废水的降解作用。对电极材料进行了选择,做了各个电解因素的正交实验,通过HPLC测定邻硝基氯苯含量以及COD含量的测定。结果表明铁阳极的电解效果最好;电解过程中电流是影响邻硝基氯苯降解效果的最主要的因素,其次是pH值;最佳电解条件下邻硝基氯苯的去除率达到100%。另外,对电解机理进行了初步探讨。     

地空导弹发射飞行可靠度试验剖面生成方法

本研究在明确地空导弹武器装备寿命剖面、任务剖面的基础上,利用已经收集到的19发导弹的冲击、振动遥测数据和6发导弹的弹上温度遥测数据以及已经掌握的大量地面温度、电应力数据,进行数据分析与归纳,生成地空导弹环境剖面,并根据我国现有试验条件,将其转化为可靠性试验剖面。