The effect of first aid training on Australian construction workers' occupational health and safety motivation and risk control behavior

METHOD: A 24-week experiment was conducted to assess how first aid training affects the motivation of small business construction industry employees in avoiding occupational injuries and illnesses and its effect on their occupational health and safety behavior. A simplified multiple baseline design across workplace settings was used to evaluate the effects of first aid training. Participants' motivation to control occupational safety and health risks was explored during in-depth interviews before and after receipt of first aid training. Objective measurement of occupational safety and health behavior was conducted by a researcher directly observing the workplace before and after participants received first aid training. RESULTS: The observations at participants' worksites suggested that, for the most part, the first aid training had a positive effect on the occupational safety and health behavior of participants. First aid training appeared to reduce participants' "self--other" bias, making them more aware that their own experience of occupational safety and health risks is not beyond their control but that their own behavior is an important factor in the avoidance of occupational injury and illness. First aid training also appeared to reduce participants' willingness to accept prevailing levels of occupational safety and health risk and increase the perceived probability that they would suffer a work-related injury or illness. Participants expressed greater concern about taking risks at work after receiving first aid training. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: It appears that first aid training enhances participants' motivation to avoid occupational injuries and illnesses and improves their risk control behavior. The implications of this are that first aid training can have a positive preventive effect and could complement traditional occupational health and safety training programs. As such, there may be benefit in providing first aid training to all employees rather than limiting this training to a small number of designated "first aiders."     

Electronic version of the encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety as a source of definitions

PROBLEM: Continuous progress in the occupational safety and health field, as well as social-economic development, generates a need for access to definitions. Definitions are usually scattered in many sources and not easy to find. Electronic documents give new opportunity to information access. METHOD: As an experiment, the feasibility of automatic full-text searching of definitions was examined using the Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, edited by the International Labour Organization (ILO), on CD-ROM. DISCUSSION: The results were compared with the traditional index search by subject, using the paper version of the encyclopedia. The automatic search appeared successful; about 100 definitions were excerpted the automatic way. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: As in most industries, finding accurate information is a necessity in the safety industry. The electronic document seems to be a powerful instrument as a source of definitions and can be quite easy to use by specialists as well as safety personnel in information processing.     

一个发展中的交叉科学领域——安全科学

本文以科学哲学的思想为指导、系统科学的方法为手段和科学学的内容为借鉴,系统地分析和研究了安全科学技术的产生和发展历史,特别着重阐述在中国的发展状况,同时提出了安全科学的定义、研究内容和它的学科科学技术体系结构模型与专业设置的方案设想。此外,本文还介绍了其他中国学者对安全科学学科建设的不同见解。     

我国工伤保险费率机制的探讨

工伤保险费率机制是工伤保险制度的核心问题 ,对工伤保险基金的稳定性、工伤预防效能的发挥和企业参与的积极性等多方面产生直接影响。笔者在调查和研究我国工伤保险现状的基础上 ,结合欧美等国的成功经验 ,分析了我国工伤保险费率机制存在的问题 ,并在差别费率划分、档次、费率调整、风险共担模式、收支平衡和促进工伤预防等方面提出了独自见解和相应的建议。     

乡镇企业的工伤问题初探

本文总结了珠江三角洲地区部分乡镇企业发生工伤事故的现状、职业安全卫生方面存在的问题及由工伤事故所造成的经济损失的思考等。从研究的资料分析发现，近几年乡镇企业中工伤事故重伤率在１８．００／１０万以上，死亡率在７０．００／１０万以上，均高于国有企业。其中重伤率以村办企业（２．４１‰）和中外合资企业（１．９６‰）最高，死亡率以村办和国内独资企业最高（０．３３‰，０．２９‰）。     

劳动特效护肤霜的研制及效果观察

为防治职业性皮肤病,保护工人身体健康,采用水解明胶研制和生产出劳动特效护肤霜。对这种护肤霜的使用,作者用统一的方法,在冬季对５１９ 例皲裂患者进行效果观察。发现对各种程度的皲裂均有显著疗效。有效率达９８．２０％ ,治愈率达８９．２１％ ,皲裂程度愈轻效果愈明显。在使用过程中,未见任何刺激性和副作用,部分患者用这种护肤霜擦脸后,皮肤变得细嫩光滑。经过安全和毒性试验表明：无毒性、无致敏性、无刺激性。三种致突变试验均属阴性。长期使用是安全的。观察表明：对皮肤皲裂有显著的治疗功效,同时还能有效地保护皮肤     

我国劳动安全卫生科技事业正在兴旺发展——劳动部承担的“九五”国家重点科技攻关课题已完成立项论证并开始启动

“八五”期间,劳动部组织的劳动安全卫生领域重大科技项目,首次列入国家科技发展计划并取得重要成果和显著效益;劳动部承担的“九五”国家重点攻关课题已完成预研和立项论证并进入项目攻关实施阶段;“重大工业火灾、爆炸、毒物泄漏事故预防技术研究”、“在役工业压力管道安全评估与重要压力容器寿命预测技术研究”、“典型作业环境粉尘危害及防护技术研究”及“激光安全卫生技术及激光加工安全工程的研究”四个重点攻关课题的完成,将为促进文明生产、保护职工安全与健康,为提高安全科学技术水平发挥重要作用;劳动部正在教育、科研、技术职称评审方面综合、协调、系统地开展工作,旨在建立一支体系完整的、相对独立的、高水平的安全科学技术队伍,加速我国劳动安全卫生科技事业兴旺发展。     

欧洲国家工伤保险费率管理实践及其对我国的启示——用经济手段促进企业改善劳动安全条件的尝试

笔者从平均基准费率水平、工伤保险基金期望的支出构成比较和工伤保险刺激事故预防的费率机制的形成 3个方面 ,对欧洲国家工伤保险费率进行了分析 ,对若干欧洲国家用工伤保险经济手段促进企业改善劳动条件的成功经验给以总结 ,并对我国新近出台的《工伤保险条例》提出一些修改建议。     

职业安全健康管理体系对企业经济和社会效益影响研究

为了评估职业安全健康管理体系的建立与企业经济和社会效益的关系 ,笔者对 12 5家企业的安全生产投入 ,因事故、职业病或违约造成的经济投入 (损失 ) ,以及建立职业安全健康管理体系后对企业经营活动及社会形象的影响进行了分析。结果发现 ,企业在建立职业安全健康管理体系期间及之后其安全生产投入比未建企业和建立体系之前增加 ;对事故、职业病或违约造成的经济投入加大 ;签订合同额和投标活动的中标率上升 ,员工抱怨次数及相关方抱怨次数下降。上述结果表明 ,职业安全健康管理体系的建立和运行对企业有良好的经济和社会效益。     

建立职业安全健康管理体系 对控制伤亡事故的对比分析

对 15 1家企业的伤亡事故状况进行了调查 ,采用平行对比分析法和前后对比分析法对调查结果进行了统计分析。通过分析发现 ,已建立和实施职业安全健康管理体系的企业的伤亡事故值低于正在建立和未建立职业安全健康管理体系企业的伤亡事故值 ;同一企业 ,建立职业安全健康管理体系后的伤亡事故值比在建和建前有所下降。这表明建立与实施职业安全健康管理体系是企业控制伤亡事故的一种有效方法 ,同时 ,体系的不断运行与完善 ,对企业持续地降低事故的发生及其损失也具有积极的作用。