中国钢铁工业职业卫生40年回顾和今后展望

通过对中国钢铁工业职业卫生四十年的回顾,笔者认为:钢铁工业卫生管理体制已基本形成,但管理水平急需提高;主要的传统职业危害有所抑制,而今后任务仍十分艰巨;随着钢铁工业生产技术的发展广大职工又面临新的职业危害的挑战。本文最后对90年代钢铁工业职业卫生的形势进行了展望,提出了新的对策。在执行「八五」职业卫生规划的基础上,还需加强职业互生服务机构,扩大服务覆盖面,提高专业素质、开展普及教育、加强专业队伍的自身建设,这些任务是实现十年战略目标的重要保证。     

Exposure of population and microenvironmental distributions of volatile organic compound concentrations in the EXPOLIS study

Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) formed one part of the EU-EXPOLIS project in which the exposure of European urban populations to particles and gaseous pollutants was studied. The EXPOLIS study concentrated on 30 target VOCs selected on the basis of environmental and health significance and usability of the compounds as markers of pollution sources. In the project, 201 subjects in Helsinki, 50 in Athens, 50 in Basel, 50 in Milan and, 50 in Oxford and 50 in Prague were selected for the final exposure sample. The microenvironmental and personal exposure concentrations of VOCs were the lowest in Helsinki and Basel, while the highest concentrations were measured in Athens and Milan; Oxford and Prague were in between. In all cities, home indoor air was the most significant exposure agent. Workplace indoor air concentrations measured in this study were generally lower than the home indoor concentrations and home outdoor air played a minor role as an exposure agent. When estimating the measured personal exposure concentrations using the measured concentrations and time fractions spent at home indoors, at home outdoors, and at the workplace, it could be concluded that these three microenvironments do not fully explain the personal exposure. Other important sources for personal exposure must be encountered, the most important being traffic/transportation and other indoor environments not measured in this study.     

起重机械作业人员职业适性检测指标研究

采用Ｄｅｌｐｈｉ法对起重机械作业人员职业适性指标进行了研究。咨询专家就各备择指标对工作重要性及发生事故的关系进行了评估。结果表明：专家积极程度与意见集中程度良好；事故重要性与工作重要性排序一致性良好，两者呈高度正相关。依据专家对“重要性”的排序，再通过专家会议与现场考证等方法，最终确定了起重机械作业人员职业适性检测指标体系。     

职业安全专业软件的应用及其产业化发展

概略介绍了国内外各类安全应用软件,并对安全软件产业化进行了实例分析,总结了安全软件产业发展的特点,并对我国安全软件的产业化提出了若干建议。     

The prevention of occupational injuries in two industrial plants using an incident reporting scheme

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to examine whether the introduction of an incident reporting scheme with feedback in two industrial plants had an effect on the number of major incidents. METHOD: An intervention design with measurements before the implementation of the incident reporting scheme and two years later was used to examine the relationship between incident rates, safety climate, the willingness to report incidents and perceived management commitment to safety. RESULTS: The results showed that a successful implementation of an incident reporting scheme was followed by a decline in the incidence of major incidents at a Danish metal plant. A key factor in implementing the scheme was top management commitment, which was lacking at another plant, where the implementation of a similar scheme failed. CONCLUSION: Although the study shows some encouraging results concerning the use of incident reporting schemes to prevent occupational accidents, the possibility to draw causal conclusions is limited in the present study, and further studies are needed before the effectiveness of such schemes can be evaluated with certainty.     

安全生产与国民经济的关系

本文以讨论安全生产与国民经济的关系为出发点,论述了安全生产是国民经济的重要组成部分,阐述了安全劳动的价值;通过对有关国家安全生产情况的综合分析,研究了安全生产与国民经济状况、社会经济发展水平之间的关系;同时对职业伤害经济损失、安全生产投资在国民经济中的比例、安全生产的意义进行了分析和探讨,说明了安全生产在国民经济中占有重要地位。     

视屏显示终端对精神心理和神经行为的影响

本文进行了视屏显示终端(VDT)对操作人员精神心理和神经行为影响的调查研究。初步显示VDT作业可对操作人员造成情绪、感知、记忆、操作及复合功能诸多方面的不良影响。通过职业应激源的调查评价,显示VDT作业本身独特的作业性质、环境和要求形成了VDT作业的主要应激源。对从事VDT作业时间较长和作业负荷较大者则产生较高的职业性紧张度。从而说明VDT作业引起操作人员的某些心身疾患的可能性。     

A survey on occupational accidents’ reporting and registration systems in the European Union

This paper presents the results of a survey on the procedures for reporting occupational accidents in the EU countries. It focuses particularly on the reporting and registration systems, as well as on the main characteristics of National Databases being used for the production of official statistics. The survey shows that many European countries have different methods and procedures for collecting and compiling data on occupational accidents, which inevitably pose problems when comparing accident statistics between the EU member states.The paper includes a brief review of the main goals and achievements of the European Project ESAW (European Statistics on Accidents at Work), which was launched in 1990 by the Eurostat (European Statistics), for the harmonisation of occupational accidents’ statistics among the member states. It is believed that the new variables being introduced by the harmonised methodology will quickly affect the way in which managers and insurance companies carry out their current procedures in several EU member states.The International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommendations and the future trends are also analysed. In conclusion, the study identifies opportunities for further development and research in the reporting and registration systems of occupational accidents.     

Differences in relative risks for fatal occupational highway transportation accidents

Problem and Method: This study examined the trends in the relative risks for being involved in fatal occupational highway transportation accidents based upon the age and gender of the victim. Results: Significant differences in relative risks were identified based upon age; however, there were no significant differences in relative risks based upon gender. The trend analysis of relative risks for all motor-vehicle accidents based upon age showed that males exhibited a significant cubic trend while females exhibited a significant linear trend. The trend analysis of relative risks for fatal motor-vehicle accidents specifically involving vehicle operators based upon age yielded a significant quadratic trend for males and no significant trends for females. Examining the relative risks for fatalities involving only motor-vehicle operators controlled, to a certain extent, the differences in job exposure to motor-vehicle accidents based upon age. Impact: Prevention measures are identified as most crucial for older male workers in the transportation and agriculture industries.     

铅职业危害及其防治

通过对某铅冶炼厂职业铅危害情况及防治现状进行调查分析,提出了防治铅中毒、铅吸收的措施。