我国劳动安全卫生科技事业正在兴旺发展——劳动部承担的“九五”国家重点科技攻关课题已完成立项论证并开始启动

“八五”期间,劳动部组织的劳动安全卫生领域重大科技项目,首次列入国家科技发展计划并取得重要成果和显著效益;劳动部承担的“九五”国家重点攻关课题已完成预研和立项论证并进入项目攻关实施阶段;“重大工业火灾、爆炸、毒物泄漏事故预防技术研究”、“在役工业压力管道安全评估与重要压力容器寿命预测技术研究”、“典型作业环境粉尘危害及防护技术研究”及“激光安全卫生技术及激光加工安全工程的研究”四个重点攻关课题的完成,将为促进文明生产、保护职工安全与健康,为提高安全科学技术水平发挥重要作用;劳动部正在教育、科研、技术职称评审方面综合、协调、系统地开展工作,旨在建立一支体系完整的、相对独立的、高水平的安全科学技术队伍,加速我国劳动安全卫生科技事业兴旺发展。     

乡镇企业的工伤问题初探

本文总结了珠江三角洲地区部分乡镇企业发生工伤事故的现状、职业安全卫生方面存在的问题及由工伤事故所造成的经济损失的思考等。从研究的资料分析发现，近几年乡镇企业中工伤事故重伤率在１８．００／１０万以上，死亡率在７０．００／１０万以上，均高于国有企业。其中重伤率以村办企业（２．４１‰）和中外合资企业（１．９６‰）最高，死亡率以村办和国内独资企业最高（０．３３‰，０．２９‰）。     

Levels and congener distributions of PCDDs,PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental and human samples: a review

The term “dioxins” is often used in a confusing way. In toxicological considerations—and also in the present report—the term is used to designate the PCDDs, the PCDFs and the coplanar (“dioxin-like”) PCBs, since these classes of compounds show the same type of toxicity. Because of the large number of congeners, relevant individual congeners are assigned with a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) that relate their toxicity to that of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and are to be evaluated as dioxins. Each concentration of an individual congener in a mixture is multiplied with its TEF, and the resulting TCDD equivalents are added up and expressed as WHO-endorsed toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQ). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are mainly the by-products of industrial processes (such as metallurgical processing, bleaching of paper pulp, and the manufacturing of some herbicides and pesticides) but they can also result from natural processes like volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Waste incineration, particularly if combustion is incomplete, is among the largest contributors to the release of PCDDs and PCDFs into the environment. Due to their persistence, PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs are part of the so-called persistent organic pollutants group of compounds that also include some chlorinated pesticides. Since they have a high lipophilicity and resist transformation, they bio-accumulate in animal and human adipose tissues. Consumption of food is considered as the major source of non-occupational human exposure to PCDD/Fs with foodstuffs from animal origin accounting for more than 90% of the human body burden. With meat, dairy, and fish products being the main contributors. The aim of the present review was to summarize experimental data regarding dioxin emissions from contaminated and uncontaminated biological and environmental samples, from the available literature. The information will be presented chronologically with respect to distribution in human milk, serum; food, water, air, soils and sediments.     

SA8000与OHSMS试行标准

简要介绍了 SA80 0 0 (社会责任标准 )和 OHSMS(职业安全卫生管理体系 )试行标准的内容和要求 ;分析了两个标准的联系和区别 ;论述了实施 OHSMS试行标准的作用 ;提出了加强我国安全生产管理的建议。     

Values-in-action that support safe production

Introduction: Safe production is a sustainable approach to managing an organization’s operations that considers the interests of both management and workers as salient stakeholders in a productive and safe workplace. A supportive culture enacts values versus only espousing them. These values-in-action are beliefs shared by both management and workers that align what should happen in performing organizational routines to be safe and be productive with what actually is done. However, the operations and safety management literature provides little guidance on which values-in-action are most important to safe production and how they work together to create a supportive culture. Method: The researchers conducted exploratory case studies in 10 manufacturing plants of 9 firms. The researchers compared plant managers’ top-down perspectives on safety in the performance of work and workers’ bottom-up experiences of the safety climate and their rates of injury on the job. Each case study used data collected from interviewing multiple managers, the administration of a climate survey to workers and the examination of the plant’s injury rates over time as reported to its third party health and safety insurer. Results: The researchers found that plants with four values-in-action —a commitment to safety, discipline, prevention and participation—were capable of safe production, while plants without those values were neither safe nor productive. Where culture and climate aligned lower rates of injury were experienced. Discussion and conclusion: The four value-in-actions must all be present and work together in a self-reinforcing manner to engage workers and managers in achieving safe production. Practical application: Managers of both operations and safety functions do impact safety outcomes such as reducing injuries by creating a participatory environment that encourage learning that improves both safety and production routines.     

Occupational exposure to synthetic musks in barbershops,compared with the common exposure in the dormitories and households

Synthetic musks (SMs) have been widely used as fragrance ingredients in personal care and sanitary commodities. Due to their high volatility and particle-binding affinity, the indoor dust is a major reservoir of SMs, and dust ingestion could be an important exposure way to special populations, such as hairdressers. In spite of the known toxicity of SMs, there is no information regarding the occurrence of SMs in barbershop dusts and the exposure of hairdressers through indoor dust ingestion. In the present study, the levels of two nitro musks and five polycyclic musks were measured from indoor dust samples collected from barbershops, and some other indoor dust samples were also collected from dormitories, bathhouses and households for comparison. The concentrations of ∑SMs in barbershop dusts were 10–100 times higher than those from the other three indoor microenvironments. Polycyclic musks accounted for 89.4% of ∑SMs on average in all samples, of which two compounds, HHCB and AHTN jointly dominated 97.9% of polycyclic musks. The levels of HHCB and AHTN varied from 12.2 to 8.39 × 10⁵ and from 13.2 to 3.49 × 10⁵ ng g⁻¹, respectively. The daily intakes (DIs) of ∑SMs through house dust ingestion were estimated using the model of high dust ingestion and worst-case exposure (P95), and the corresponding exposure rates were 2791, 135 and 727 ng d⁻¹ for the hairdressers, general population and toddlers. SMs were also detected in blood samples collected from the hairdressers and normal adults (n = 50 and 10, respectively). There was no significant difference between these two groups. Despite the absence of higher SM concentrations in hairdresser’s blood, we should not overlook the potential occupational health risks due to their high SMs ingestion rate.     

高原长大隧道尘肺病防治技术发展与应用研究

尘肺病防治是川藏铁路高原长大隧道施工的重大技术难点之一,新形势下防控技术需要向精细化、科技化方向发展.综合考虑技术经济性和可行性,以局部空间清洁为代表的卫生工程技术、以卫生信息化为支撑的施工健康保障技术、以识别监测为手段的卫生管理新方法,将为川藏铁路卫生保障提供技术支撑.     

[Case Study] CityCenter and Cosmopolitan Construction Projects, Las Vegas, Nevada: Lessons learned from the use of multiple sources and mixed methods in a safety needs assessment

Problem

The present study describes a response to eight tragic deaths over an eighteen month times span on a fast track construction project on the largest commercial development project in U.S. history.

Methods

Four versions of a survey were distributed to workers, foremen, superintendents, and senior management. In addition to standard Likert-scale safety climate scale items, an open-ended item was included at the end of the survey.

Results

Safety climate perceptions differed by job level. Specifically, management perceived a more positive safety climate as compared to workers. Content analysis of the open-ended item was used to identify important safety and health concerns which might have been overlooked with the qualitative portion of the survey.

Discussion

The surveys were conducted to understand workforce issues of concern with the aim of improving site safety conditions. Such efforts can require minimal investment of resources and time and result in critical feedback for developing interventions affecting organizational structure, management processes, and communication.

Summary

The most important lesson learned was that gauging differences in perception about site safety can provide critical feedback at all levels of a construction organization.

Impact on the Industry

Implementation of multi-level organizational perception surveys can identify major safety issues of concern. Feedback, if acted upon, can potentially result in fewer injuries and fatal events.     

Making work safer: Testing a model of social exchange and safety management

Introduction

This study tests a conceptual model that focuses on social exchange in the context of safety management. The model hypothesizes that supportive safety policies and programs should impact both safety climate and organizational commitment. Further, perceived organizational support is predicted to partially mediate both of these relationships.

Methods

Study outcomes included traditional outcomes for both organizational commitment (e.g., withdrawal behaviors) as well as safety climate (e.g., self-reported work accidents). Questionnaire responses were obtained from 1,723 employees of a large national retailer.

Results

Using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, all of the model's hypothesized relationships were statistically significant and in the expected directions. The results are discussed in terms of social exchange in organizations and research on safety climate.

Impact on Industry

Maximizing safety is a social-technical enterprise. Expectations related to social exchange and reciprocity figure prominently in creating a positive climate for safety within the organization.