Intraspecific parasitism and split sex ratios in a monogynous and monandrous ant (Leptothorax nylanderi)

Sex ratios were bimodally distributed in a population of the monogynous and monandrous ant Leptothorax nylanderi during each of 3 study years. The population-wide investment ratios suggested worker control of sex allocation. Nest-level variation in the proportional investment in virgin queens was not affected by the presence or absence of a queen and only slightly by collecting year, but was correlated with nest size, total sexual investment and, unexpectedly, with differences in nestmate relatedness: small, low-investment nests and nests with several worker lineages produced male-biased sex ratios. Colonies containing several worker lineages arise from usurpation of mature colonies by unrelated founding queens and the fusion of unrelated colonies under strong nest site limitation. In contrast to facultatively polygynous and polyandrous species of social insects, where workers can maximize their inclusive fitness by adjusting sex ratios according to the degree of relatedness asymmetry, workers in mixed colonies of L. nylanderi do not benefit from manipulating sex allocation, as here relatedness asymmetries appear to be the same as in homogeneous colonies. Received: 7 December 1999 / Received in revised form: 29 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000     

The independent origin of a queen number bottleneck that promotes cooperation in the African swarm-founding wasp, Polybioides tabidus

When cooperation is based on shared genetic interests, as in most social insect colonies, mechanisms which increase the genetic similarity of group members may help to maintain sociality. Such mechanisms can be especially important in colonies with many queens because within-colony relatedness drops quickly as queen number increases. Using microsatellite markers, we examined the Old World, multiple-queen, swarm-founding wasp Polybioides tabidus which belongs to the ropalidiine tribe, and found that relatedness among the workers was four times higher than what would be expected based on queen number alone. Relatedness was elevated by a pattern of queen production known as cyclical oligogyny, under which, queen number varies, and daughter queens are produced only after the number of old queens has reduced to one or a very few. As a result, the queens are highly related, often as full sisters, elevating relatedness among their progeny, the workers. This pattern of queen production is driven by collective worker control of the sex ratios. Workers are three times more highly related to females than to males in colonies with a single queen while they are more equally related to males and females in colonies with more queens. As a result of this difference, workers will prefer to produce new queens in colonies with a single queen and males in colonies with many queens. Cyclical oligogyny has also evolved independently in another group of swarm-founding wasps, the Neotropical epiponine wasps, suggesting that collective worker control of sex ratios is widespread in polistine wasps. Received: 22 May 2000 / Revised: 24 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

蛤蟆通河流域地下水化学特征及控制因素

为研究蛤蟆通河流域水化学特征及主要离子来源,2017年先后采集地下水样品59组,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了蛤蟆通流域地下水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了蛤蟆通流域的水化学演化规律及主要离子来源.结果表明,该区地下水阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的质量分数为22. 1%～72. 4%,平均为48. 7%;阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,占阴离子总量的质量分数为35. 3%～97. 5%,平均为80%; TDS介于93. 3～521. 1 mg·L~(-1),平均值为219. 1 mg·L~(-1),均为淡水;地下水类型以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca·Na型水为主;地下水样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;通过离子来源分析,该区主要离子来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解.     

Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.     

南极大气气溶胶中铅同位素比值的研究

通过对电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的工作条件和参数进行优化,建立了ICP-MS测定铅同位素比值的精确方法,测量了2007—2009年南极中山站采集到的气溶胶样品中208Pb/206Pb、207Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb的比值。结果表明,南极大气气溶胶中铅同位素比值在逐年缓慢地发生线性变化,线性相关系数为0.996 2;气溶胶铅同位素示踪揭示南极附近国家(除南非)释放的铅可能成为南极大气中铅的重要来源。     

泰安市大气臭氧污染特征及敏感性分析

2018年5～7月对泰安市城区站点的臭氧及前体物进行在线监测,并基于特征比值法和光化学模型分析了臭氧及前体物的污染特征及臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性.结果表明,观测期间泰安市正遭受较为严重的臭氧(O₃)污染,臭氧浓度的日变化呈典型的单峰型变化,15:00左右出现最高值,氮氧化物(NO_x)和VOCs的日变化趋势整体呈现夜间高白天低的变化特征.由O₃生成效率(OPE)、VOCs/NO_x和H₂O₂/NO_z特征比值法及基于EKMA曲线的方法均得出观测期间泰安市大气O₃光化学生成偏向于NO_x敏感区及过渡区,削减NO_x和VOCs均对O₃生成具有控制作用.同时基于EKMA曲线的方法还得出在O₃前体物浓度减排时按照丙烯等效浓度(PE)与NO_x浓度比值为8∶3进行VOCs(PE)和NO_x削减可以达到O     

一株反硝化聚磷菌筛选及其接种量对脱氮除磷效应的影响

以环形推流一体化氧化沟反应器厌氧段污泥为接种污泥,通过吸磷实验、硝酸盐还原产气实验、异染颗粒染色实验及PHB染色实验从接种污泥中筛选得到一株能实现同步脱氮除磷菌株N-12;经过16S rDNA测序鉴定,确定该菌株为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)。绘制该菌株的生长曲线,并设置0%、1%、2%、5%、10%和15%等6种不同初始接种比,以接种比作为微生物生物量的衡量参数,研究不同接种比对反硝化聚磷菌脱氮除磷效应的影响,确定菌株最佳接种比。实验结果表明:初始接种比2%体系的脱氮除磷效果最好;利用SPSS statistics 19统计软件对磷酸盐去除率、硝态氮去除率、OD600值及pH进行相关性分析,表明磷酸盐去除率和硝酸盐去除率显著正相关(Person相关系数=0.826,P600值及pH值都显著正相关。     

京津冀与长三角地区氢氯氟碳化物本底特征

基于北京上甸子与浙江临安区域大气本底站2011—2019年氢氯氟碳化物(HCFCs)采样观测数据,开展了京津冀与长三角地区6种HCFCs(HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b、HCFC-124、HCFC-132b和HCFC-133a)本底特征研究。研究结果表明:临安站HCFCs浓度水平和浓度变率比上甸子站明显更高,尤其是HCFC-133a,其浓度及浓度变率均比上甸子站高1个量级,表明长三角地区HCFCs排放量可能较京津冀地区更大。2个站点HCFCs本底浓度基本一致,差异范围为-6.1%~7.1%。上甸子站本底数据占比为26.4%~69.0%,而临安站本底数据占比不足23%。在《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》的约束下,2个站点多数HCFCs年均浓度呈下降趋势或变化较小。2个站点HCFC-132b浓度相对较低,但2019年相比2018年有明显升高。结合风向进行分析,发现上甸子站HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b和HCFC-132b高浓度水平主要由西南扇区(北京城区方向)的WSW、SSW及SW方向贡献,而HCFC-124和HCFC-133a在各风向上的浓度和载荷差异较小。临安站HCFC-124高浓度水平主要由SSE和NNE方向贡献,分别对应金华和湖州方向;其他5种HCFCs的高浓度水平主要由东北扇区的ENE方向贡献,对应杭州城区方向。     

Women and children last: An essay on sex discrimination in disasters

In general, little attention has been given to differential survival between the sexes in disasters. Consideration of physiological differences between males and females would suggest that, all things being equal, morbidity and mortality after disaster, particularly where food shortage is involved, should indicate an excess male mortality. Such statistics as exist in disasters, as in chronic underdevelopment, show that it is females and especially girl children who are at highest risk. The basis of this lies in sex discrimination which is implicit in most social systems.     

Photocatalytic degradation of PCP-Na with TiO2 photocatalysis loaded with platinum

Titanium dioxide(TiO2) samples of different crystal forms were prepared by hydrolysis tetrbutyl titanate in various water to alkoxide ratios and sintering the hydrolysis product at different temperatures.The photocatalysts coated on hollow glass beads and loaded with platinum varying from 0.2% to 2.4% by weight.The photocatalytic degradation rate of sodium pentachlorophenolate (PCP-Na) depends on the preparing conditions such as:sintering temperatures,water to alkoxide ratios(R),platinum content and the size.The proper conditions of preparation photocatalysts are as follows:the ratio of tiO2:sodium silicate:hollow glass beads:platinum is 10:5:20:0.15(w/w),R is 100,sintering temperature is 650℃,and the size of hollow glass is 0.5-1mm.Under these conditions,the ratio between acatase and rutile of the photocatalyst is 2:1,and the photocatalytic activity is high.