响应面法优化实际污水厂的除磷过程

实际污水厂除磷过程是一系列复杂的生物和化学反应集合,为综合考察各因素对总磷去除的影响,采用响应面法分析了碳氮比（C/N）,碳磷比（C/P）,有机负荷（F/M）等水质参数,以及排泥量,加药量,外回流比（R）等工艺参数和除磷表现之间的关系,并根据物料守恒建立了磷含量平衡模型.结果表明,从水质方面,C/N,C/P和F/M的最优范围分别是5.50~7.00,50.00~70.00和0.06~0.08d^-1,从运行方面,排泥量,加药量,R的最优范围分别为14.3t/万m³,35~40mg/L和65%~70%.分析建立的磷含量平衡模型,发现各参数对除磷影响程度的强弱依次是C/N,F/M,R,排泥量,C/P和加药量.当C/N和F/M等主要影响因素处于最优范围,且水厂运行状况稳定时,利用该模型能准确预测出水TP浓度.     

基于CMAQ与前馈神经网络的区域大气污染物浓度快速响应模型

建立大气污染可控源排放-复合污染水平的函数关系,实现给定排放情景下环境污染物浓度的实时响应,是大气污染物浓度预测与减排效果评估等的重要技术前提.本研究对污染物浓度影响因子变化空间进行拉丁超立方采样,使用CMAQ区域多尺度空气质量模型的预测值作为输入数据,通过前馈神经网络模型构建基于统计机器学习的长三角区域污染物浓度快速响应模型.结果表明经过模型结构选择与参数调整,基于前馈神经网络的快速响应模型能够快速准确还原出不同减排情景下长三角区域PM_(2.5)浓度的预测值.外部验证情景下相关系数CORR达到0.999以上,MB与ME均值达到了-0.046μg·m~(-3)和0.6162μg·m~(-3),实现了比RSM更加快速与准确的预测,不同时段与不同污染物浓度的准确预测则验证了其普适性.     

变温环境下结构高频瞬态能量响应预示

目的解决变温环境下结构的高频瞬态能量响应预示问题。方法基于统计能量分析方法,通过考虑时变参数对结构能量的影响和热效应引起的材料力学性能变化和热应力对统计能量分析参数的影响,提出了一种变温环境下结构高频瞬态能量响应预示方法。以双振子模型为例,通过与Newmark-beta法的对比验证数值方法的准确性。结果该能够较好地捕捉结构高频能量响应的周期性变化规律,其峰值时间和峰值能量与精确数值解基本吻合。以L型折板系统为例,研究了20～300℃变温环境下结构的瞬态能量响应变化规律,子系统1和子系统2之间的能量交换远小于两子系统中因阻尼引起的能量消耗,子系统2瞬态能量响应的峰值时间为4.3ms、峰值能量为0.09J。结论该方法具有较高的计算精度和计算效率,能够较好地适用于结构高频瞬态能量响应预示。     

直升机主减反共振隔振系统中附加阻尼器的影响分析

目的分析阻尼参数对共振峰抑制与反共振隔振有效频率范围的影响。方法在主减共振梁上安装阻尼器,改变阻尼大小进行仿真分析。结果随着阻尼系数的增大,共振峰值逐渐降低,反共振点频率基本不变,隔振效率有所下降,有效隔振效率范围有所拓宽。建议把阻尼大小设为0.01最为有效。结论通过安装阻尼器并改变阻尼大小可以有效地调节减震效率及反共振隔振有效频率范围。     

HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE TO PUMPING AND CONTAMINANT ADVECTION IN A FRACTURED ROCK ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Ground water flow and supply at the Whiteshell Research Area (WRA) in southeastern Manitoba and the advective movement of contaminants from a hypothetical nuclear fuel waste disposal vault to the adjacent biosphere and a nearby ground water supply well are simulated using finite-element modeling and numerical particle-tracking technique. The hypothetical vault is located at a depth of 500 m, below the water table, in low-permeability plutonic rock of the Canadian Shield. The rock mass is intersected by high-permeability fracture zones (aquifers), which also act as conduits for vault contaminants to migrate to the ground surface. The ground water resource is, therefore, limited in quantity and quality and should be explored with care. A 30 m deep well, which pumps water at a rate of 120 m³/yr from a low-dipping fracture zone, LD1, reduces natural discharge from the system to augment natural recharge. At this pumping rate, a 100 m or 200 m deep well neither reduces discharge nor induces recharge into the system. Thus, at the WRA, a 30 m deep domestic water supply well best meets the water requirements of a one-person household at the rate of 120 m³/yr. The 100 m and 200 m wells best meet the requirements of a family of six and a family of six with light irrigation, respectively, without capturing contaminants’pathways from the vault to the ground surface. By virtue of the proximity of the 200 m well intake to the hypothetical vault, this well performs best as a purge well at pumping rates of 0,000 m³/yr and greater. Finite-element modeling is useful in evaluating the water supply potential of a fractured rock environment in which a nuclear waste disposal vault is proposed to be sited.     

拱型结构振动控制的研究

本文将控制技术运用到拱型结构的振动控制中。运用单点和多点控制方法,将主动控制力表为位移、速度和加速度的线性函数,在频域内探讨了拱型结构某些关键部位加速度频率响应随地面运动频率变化情况,研究了主动控制力参数对加速度响应的影响,并对带有主动控制装置的拱型结构在随机激励作用下的响应进行了分析,对拱型结构的振动控制给出了一些有益的看法。     

DNA adducts in fish following an oil spill exposure

On 12 December 1999, one third of the load of the Erika tanker, amounting to about 10,000 t crude oil flowed into sea waters close to the French Atlantic Coast. This oil contained polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) that are known to be genotoxic. Genotoxic effects induce DNA adducts formation, which can thus be used as pollution biomarkers. Here, we assessed the genotoxic impact of the “Erika” oil spill by DNA adducts detection in the liver of immature fishes (Solea solea) from four locations of the French Brittany coasts. Two months after the spill, a high amount of DNA adducts was found in samples from all locations, amounting to 92–290 DNA adduct per 10⁹ nucleotides. Then total DNA adduct levels decreased to reach about 50 adducts per 10⁹ nucleotides nine months after the spill. In vitro experiments using human cell cultures and fish liver microsomes evidence the genotoxicity of the Erika fuel. They also prove the formation of reactive species able to create DNA adducts. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo DNA adducts fingerprints are similar, thus confirming that DNA adducts are a result of the oil spill.     

The effects of burial by sand on survival and growth of Pitcher’s thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) along lake huron

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on survival and growth of seedlings ofCirsium pitcheri. In 1992–1993, seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their height while in 1993–1994, the seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 4 cm (single burial), 4 cm (repeated burial of 1 cm every 8 days), 8 cm (single burial) and 8 cm (repeated burial of 2 cm every 8 days). Several physiological traits, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a∶b ratio, leaf area, number and length of leaves, number of internodes, amount of tillering, and biomass, were measured. The results showed that all seedlings died in the complete (100%) burial, 20% died in the 75% burial and none died in the 0, 25 and 50% burial treatments. Burial of seedlings to a depth of 25% stimulated their growth but 75% burial significantly decreased the total dry weight. Repeated burial treatments exhibited significantly greater stimulation of growth than single burial. Surviving seedlings grew through the sand deposit by elongating the stem and leaf petioles, increasing the number of nodes and the length of internodes. This elongation occurred at the expense of development of the root system indicating that available energy was re-allocated to above-ground parts.     

城市地表覆盖材料的热反应

本文对几种地表覆盖材料在具有“火炉”之称的山城重庆典型夏季气候条件下的热反应进行了实测研究，以期为生态城市设计提供有益的参考数据。