Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the risk from the exposure to fetotoxic chemical compounds

A new mathematical dose-response model for the expected probability of toxic response and also for the expected measure of the overdispersion parameter for the reproductive and developmental risk assessment is proposed. The model for the expected probability of toxic response is an improvised Weibull dose-response model incorporating the litter-size effect while the model for the overdispersion parameter is a polynomial function of the dose level. A beta-binomial distribution for the number of offspring showing toxic responses in a litter satisfactorily accounts for the extra-binomial variation and the intralitter correlation of responses of these pups. Confidence limits for low-dose extrapolation are based on the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio. The safe dose for human exposure is then calculated by simple linear extrapolation. The model for overdispersion allows us to obtain the estimates of the overdispersion parameter at these dosages. This was not possible in the earlier models. The proposed model is illustrated by an application to a study on the effect of exposure to diethylhexylphthalate in mice. The results are compared with those obtained by Chen and Kodell (1989) who have applied the simple Weibull dose-response model to the same data set.This paper was prepared with partial support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency under a Cooperative Agreement Number CR-815273. The contents have not been subject to Agency review and therefore do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.     

谷子根系对群体压力胁迫的生物学响应

采用根管土柱栽培的方法,比较了在相同根管土柱体积上种植不同株数谷子时谷子根系的主要特征,如根系数量,根系入土最大深度,根系SOD、POD活性,总根长,根系MDA含量及根系总吸收面积与活性吸收面积等对群体密度变化的可塑性.结果表明,不同群体下,谷子单株根数前期差异小,中后期差异大;而单位土体中的根量前期差异大,后期差异小.群体大(密度高),谷子根量、总根长及根系总吸收面积与活性吸收面积达到高峰的时间早,但衰亡时期也早,且入土深度较浅.群体小根量高峰出现得迟但维持的时间较长,根系在土体中的延伸深度也较大,有利于后期营养的获取和产量的提高.群体在作物生长中起着量的决定作用,而个体生长发育由于群体不同而引起质的差异.在生产上要想获得理想的产量,既要有足够量的保证,又要求达到一定质的标准,以使群体与个体协调发展.表4图2参18     

Multiplicity-adjusted Inferences in Risk Assessment: Benchmark Analysis with Continuous Response Data

We develop and study multiplicity adjustments for low-dose inferences in environmental risk assessment. Application is intended for risk analysis studies where human, animal, or ecological data are used to set safe levels of a hazardous environmental agent. A modern method for making inferences in this setting is known as benchmark analysis, where attention centers on the dose at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved. Both upper confidence limits on the risk and lower confidence limits on the “benchmark dose” are of interest. In practice, a number of possible benchmark risks may be under study; if so, corrections must be applied to adjust the limits for multiplicity. In this note, we discuss approaches for doing so with continuous, nonquantal response data.     

松科植物对干旱胁迫的反应

水分亏缺是制约树木生长的重要环境因子，植物通过形态、生理以及分子水平来适应水分亏缺．渗透调节使植物在低水势下维持正常生理活动，是植物忍耐水分亏缺的重要生理机制．干旱胁迫下，植物形态结构变化有利于水分吸收和传导，从而提高水分利用效率；同时，生物量向根部的分配增加，叶面积/边材面积比发生变化，这种生物量分配转移提高了根和茎向叶片输水能力，从而防止气穴现象；干旱胁迫容易引起光能过剩，过剩的光能会对光合器官产生潜在的危害．依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散是光保护的主要途径；同时酶促及非酶促系统也是防止光合器官破坏的重要途径；脱落酸作为一种激素逆境信号，活化了与抗旱诱导有关的基因．本文从形态变化、渗透调节、气穴现象、光合作用、水分利用效率、脱落酸以及分子机理等方面阐述了松科植物对干旱胁迫的响应，并对耐旱指标的筛选进行了讨论，干旱胁迫下，各耐旱机理相互制约，需要联合各个方面的因素来考虑整个植物对干旱的反应．参99。     

浅谈有毒有害液体化学品溢漏的应急反应技术

分析了有毒有害化学品海上溢漏的行为状态，简要介绍了针对海上溢漏的几种应急反应技术。     

西安市阎良区工程场地土层地震反应分析

本文根据西安市阎良区及周围地区的地震地质环境,在地震危险性分析的基础上,采用等效线性一维波动方法进行土层地震反应分析.计算得出50年超越概率63%、10%和2%的地面水平向峰值加速度,该结果为该地区抗震设计提供了依据,具有应用价值.     

解读国际油污损害第三层次赔偿机制

介绍了国际油污损害赔偿补充基金的来源及其基本内容，并分析了对航运安全和环境保护的影响。     

稀土金属离子对梨形四膜虫的24小时生长影响

应用４种方法（细胞直计计数法、中性红试验、重蛋白及核酸含量测定）研究不同浓度稀土金属离子Ｌａ＾２＋、Ｓｍ＾３＋、Ｙ＾３＋、Ｇｄ＾３＋处理２４ｈ后，对梨形四膜虫的生长影响，结果表明，在低浓度时Ｌａ＾３＋、Ｓｍ＾３＋、Ｙ＾３＋，对四膜虫具有刺激生长的作用。随着浓度的升高，４种稀土金属离子均表现出毒性效应；高浓度时，抑制生长艇特别明显。计算Ｌａ＾３＋、Ｓｍ＾３＋、Ｙ＾３＋、Ｇｄ＾３＋的半数抑制浓度（ＩＣ     

落地油泥污染及油土分离处理的工艺研究

对落地油泥的组成、性质及其对环境的污染进行了调查和分析;根据落地油泥油土分离小型试验的结果,进行了0.5t/h油土分离的放大试验。     

响应面法分析Ti/TiO2电极光电催化富里酸的过程

利用响应面分析法对影响Ti/TiO2电极光电催化降解富里酸的主要因素进行了探讨.通过Design-Expert 5软件可得到1个二次响应曲面模型.结果表明,最佳的pH值、K2S2O8投加量和偏电压分别为3.8、88.40mg/L、0.88V,此时富里酸的去除率达到最大(57.06%).方差分析表明,模型具有较高的回归率(R2=97.54%),与实验结果吻合程度较高.