Aerosol transmission,an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: case study of a department-store cluster

• Aerosol transmission is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread. • Different outbreak sites have different epidemiologic feature. • SRAS-CoV-2 can exist for a long time in aerosol. • SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in diverse places. • Some environmental factors can impact SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol. Patients with COVID-19 have revealed a massive outbreak around the world, leading to widespread concerns in global scope. Figuring out the transmission route of COVID-19 is necessary to control further spread. We analyzed the data of 43 patients in Baodi Department Store (China) to supplement the transmission route and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in a cluster outbreak. Incubation median was estimated to endure 5.95 days (2–13 days). Almost 76.3% of patients sought medical attention immediately upon illness onset. The median period of illness onset to hospitalization and confirmation were 3.96 days (0–14) and 5.58 days (1–21), respectively. Patients with different cluster case could demonstrate unique epidemiological characteristics due to the particularity of outbreak sites. SRAS-CoV-2 can be released into the surrounding air through patient’s respiratory tract activities, and can exist for a long time for long-distance transportation. SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in different sites, including isolation ward, general ward, outdoor, toilet, hallway, and crowded public area. Environmental factors influencing were analyzed and indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol was dependent on temperature, air humidity, ventilation rate and inactivating chemicals (ozone) content. As for the infection route of case numbers 2 to 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 23, we believe that aerosol transmission played a significant role in analyzing their exposure history and environmental conditions in Baodi Department Store. Aerosol transmission could occur in some cluster cases when the environmental factors are suitable, and it is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread.     

加油站油流静电在线监测技术及应用

为提高加油站安全作业水平,分析了卸油、加油过程中油流静电起电因素和常用检测方法。根据高斯定理从理论上探讨了通过测量输油管道内中心电位得到油流静电电荷密度的检测原理,并基于杆球传感器以及压电传感器技术设计开发了油品静电在线监测仪,实现了对加油枪前后、加油机内部管线及过滤器油品带电情况的在线监测。测试结果表明:基于此静电监测技术,建立加油站油流电荷监测与联锁控制措施,可有效避免油品静电燃爆事故的发生,保障加油站安全生产。     

中国区域HCFC-142b排放量模式反演研究

利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART结合上甸子区域本底站在线观测HCFC-142b数据,采取自上而下的反演方法,估算了2009和2010年中国HCFC-142b的排放量分别为10.82kt/a和15.42kt/a,分别占全球HCFC-142b排放量的29.7%和45.8%.反演HCFC-142b排放量的空间分布结果显示其排放源主要集中在京津冀、四川、山东西部以及长江中下游地区,与相关研究中自下而上方法获得的排放量分布一致.模式反演源较先验源更接近观测数据,2009年相关系数从0.38提高到0.47,2010年相关系数则从0.60提高到0.65.     

大管径真空排水技术在雨水泵站中的应用与数值分析

针对传统雨水泵站存在的问题,介绍了大管径真空排水技术在雨水泵站应用中的独特优势及具体实施方法。为研究其排水过程中的流态分布、流体动力学性能,建立了典型管道的数值模型,采用κ-ξ紊流模型及Vof方法,对其进行了非稳态数值模拟,分析了两相流在大管径管道充水过程中的气液流动特性。结果表明:大管径排水过程中存在分层流、气泡流及波浪流,并在弯管附近出现短暂集气现象;液相在倾斜管路中有短暂流速停滞现象,随着压差的推进,最终在管道中形成液相满管流。     

大跨度暗挖地铁车站台阶法施工沉降特点研究

以青岛某地铁车站工程为背景,针对大跨度地铁车站主体隧道台阶法施工,利用M IDAS／GTS仿真数值模拟软件对不同台阶数量的开挖方案进行模拟研究,并结合工程现场监测数据,经过对比分析得出基于坚硬岩石地层条件下大跨度地铁车站台阶法施工沉降特点,从地表沉降控制的角度提出合理的台阶数量,为类似工程的开挖方案设计与施工沉降控制提供参考依据。     

障碍物遮挡条件下细水雾与油池火相互作用的实验研究

障碍物影响下细水雾灭火有效性的研究具有重要的意义。研究了障碍物与火焰的相对位置、细水雾工作压力、喷头距离火焰垂直距离及水平距离等因素对灭火有效性的影响,以及细水雾作用下火灾烟气中一氧化碳、二氧化碳及氧气浓度的变化规律等。结果表明:高压细水雾可以有效扑救部分有障碍物遮挡的油池火,同时喷头距离火焰的水平距离和垂直距离也显著影响着细水雾的灭火速度;高压细水雾在灭火过程中火场的氧气浓度明显升高,二氧化碳和一氧化碳浓度明显降低;细水雾工作压力较低时,一氧化碳浓度反而有所增加。     

Experimental study of the VOC emitted from crude oil tankers

Light hydrocarbons vaporize to the space between crude oil interface and roof of the storage tank during loading of crude oil tankers in marine oil terminals. When crude oil is loaded to the tank, these hydrocarbons are vented into the atmosphere which is considered as a main source of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in oil terminals. VOCs emitted from the crude oil not only create severe air pollution problems but also a considerable amount of valuable hydrocarbons are wasted to the atmosphere. On the other hand, VOCs are flammable which create major safety hazards to the loading process. Therefore, the oil industry has largely focused on control of VOCs. In this research, an experimental study was conducted to characterize VOCs emitted from storage tanks of crude oil in a large-scale oil export terminal. Using the industrial data and simple mathematical tools, effect of different parameters on the composition of emitted gases was investigated. Furthermore, an experimental procedure is proposed to assess the potential of a crude oil absorption process for recovering emitted gases. Experimental results showed that the crude oil absorption process can be adapted to the situation of considered marine terminal for recovering this vent stream of emitted gases. This work can help plant engineers to decide on an appropriate strategy to control VOCs.     

氧化沟工艺处理火车站废水的运行与调试

以信阳市火车北站污水处理工程为例．介绍了以一体化氧化沟工艺为主的处理工艺及其主要构筑物如：泵井、平流沉砂池、氧化沟以及接触消毒池的结构特点和设计水力负荷条件等。针对火车站废水特有的含油污量高、可生化性差的特点．指出了其运行与调试过程中应注意的问题。     

油田注水泵房噪声治理

调查了油田注水泵房噪声的基本情况.根据噪声来源和特性制定了治理方案,分析了试验应用效果.     

高压输电线铁塔地震时程弹性数值模拟

地震对高压输电线铁塔的安全性能有重要影响。通过建立高压输电线铁塔模型,采用有限元方法对受7级和8级地震影响的高压输电线铁塔的力学行为进行数值模拟与分析。计算结果表明:在地震作用下高压输电线铁塔t=3-4s时加速度最大,其应力也相应较大;在7级地震时最大应力值远小于材料的许可应力,高压输电线铁塔在7级地震过程中是安全的,但是8级地震时,最大应力值已经达到234MPa,超过Q345许可应力230MPa,高压线铁塔就处于不安全运行状态。